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23  WEST  MAIN  STkEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiquas 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvorture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  petlicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  blaue  ou  noire) 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


n 


right  binding  may  cause  shaoows  or  distortion 
along  interio.  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  mtdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texts, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6xi  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  eti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


r~~1    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 

Pages  restored  and/or 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

|~n    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

rri    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 

[^    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I~n    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips.  tissu5)s.  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  cnt  it6  fiim^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


0 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppidmentaires: 


Various  pagings. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


J 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


: 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  b««n  r«producsd  thanks 
to  tha  genarosity  of: 

Library 

Indian  and  Northern  Affairs 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grflco  A  la 
g^nirositi  da: 

Bibliothdque 

Affaires  indiennes  et  du  Nord 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  arm  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  anding  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  impression. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliaa. 

Maqn.  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lee  imagea  suivantea  ont  iti  raproduites  avsc  le 
plua  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  de  I'axamplaire  filmA,  at  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditiona  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  axemplairaa  originaux  dont  !a  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimte  sont  filmte  an  commandant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinte 
d'Impreeaion  ou  d'illuatration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  sutres  axemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symbolea  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
damiAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  le  symboie  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symboie  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  ^bleaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  filmA  i  partir 
de  I'anglo  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  baa,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'Imagea  n^caasaira.  Lea  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrent  la  m^thoda. 


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/?«»«»•*.  „„  M.  English  Maps  of  Jlrctic  Dis- 

Ordinary   ^.,,,-„^^  ^f  the  .rational  InstUut 
mshnston,  in  May,  1852,  by  P^,,,  p^! 
The  reputation  of  the  American  Flag  is  the  ' 
common  property  of  the  nation.     Its  victory  or 
■ts  defeat  ,s  fel,  by  every  one  of  us.     In  time  of 
peace  or  war,  its  glory  or  shame  (should  shame 

l«s  reof  o       r°r  "'  "^  ^•"■'"^^  "'  ''"-•'^-^  'he 
lustreof  one  of  ,ts  stars)  is  theglory  or  the  shame 

of  the  Amencan  people.    In  war  it  can  protect 

and  defend  itself.    In  peace  it  is  our  du  ;   to 

watch  ,t   with   a  jealous  care,   and   protect    t 

nent,  (a  discovery  that  had  baffled  the  efforts  of 

J^  ,Tk  ^"""'■^'^  the  discovery  was  repu- 
d-ated  by  the  commander  of  an  English  il 
ped.t,on,  and  excluded  from  English  maps.  The" 
people  and  the  press  of  this  country  submitted  to 
he  mjury  in  silence,  leaving  it  to  time  to  do 
the  Discoverer  justice.  But  this  forbearance 
has  only  mvited  a  repetition  of  the  wrong.     En<^ 

and  has  now  repudiated  the  American  discovery 
in  the  North  in  1850.  ^ 

I 


How  this  has  been  clone  it  is  the  object  of  these 
remarks  to  show. 

The  long  absence  of  the  Expedition  under 
the  command  of  Captain  Franklin,  who  was  sent 
to  discover  the  Northwest  Passage  to  the  Pacific 
in  1845,  and  the  unsuccessful  efforts  made  from  . 
England  to  ascertain  the  fate  of  that  Expedition, 
induced  Lady  Franklin  to,  appeal  to  America  for 
aid  in  seeking  for  her  husband  and  his  compan- 
ions. Her  appeal  was  responded  to  by  Henry 
Grinnell.  He  purchased  vessels,  which,  with 
the  countenance  and  aid  of  the  United  States 
Government  were  sent  to  assist  in  the  Search. 

This  munificent  act  of  Mr.  Grinnell  is  with- 
out a  precedent.  It  was  an  undertaking  by  a 
private  citizen  of  one  country  to  seek  out  and 
restore  to  their  homes,  if  possible,  the  officers  and 
crews  of  the  absent  ships  of  another.  None  of 
Sir  John  Franklin's  own  countrymen  came  for- 
ward to  do  as  much.  Not  a  man  was  found  in 
England,  from  Prince  to  Peasant,  who  was  able 
and  willing  to  send  at  his  own  expense  an  expe- 
dition to  search  for  the  English  ships  and  their 
crews,  such  as  was  projected  and  carried  out  by 
this  great-hearted  American. 

The  American  Searching  Vessels  were  placed 
under  the  command  of  an  officer  of  the  United 
States  Navy  who  had  seen  some  ice  service  in  the 
Expedition  that  discovered  Wilkes's  Land  on  the 
Antarctic  Continent. 

Without  dwelling  upon  the  arctic  voyage  of 


s 

Lieutenant  De  Haven,  or  of  his  and  his  com- 
panions' sufferings  and  providential  preservation 
from  destruction  during  the  most  extraordinary 
ice-drift  on  record,  one   fact,  highly  creditable 
to  the  skill  and  perseverance  of  the  officers,  and 
the  determination  and  indomitable  spirit  of  the 
seamen  of  our  Navy,  may  be  noticed.     It  is  this  : 
The  Rescue,  the  foremost  vessel  of  the  American 
Expedition  entered  Wellington  channel  in  com- 
pany with  the  Assistance,  the  foremost  vessel  of 
all   the    English   Expeditions,   on  the  24th    of 
August,  J 850;  and  when,  at  the  close  of  the  sea- 
son, it  became  apparent  that  no  farther  progress 
could  be  made,  the  American  vessels,  without  the 
aid  of  steam,  were  at  the  farthest  point  that  was 
made  by  anj  vessel  of  the  three  English  Expedi- 
tions then  engaged  in  the  Search,  all  of  which 
had  been  assisted  by  steam  on  their  outward  voy- 
age, when  in,  and  while  crossing,   Baffin's  Bay. 
The  English  Expeditionsof  Ross,  Austin,  and 
Penny,  made   harbors.     The   Americans  were 
afloat  the  whole  of  a  long  arctic  winter,  at  the 
mercy  of  the  winds,  the  currents,  and  the  ice. 
On  the  18th  of  September  De  Haven  was  North 
of  Cape  Bowden,  the  most  northern  point  seen 
by  Parry,  in  1819,  and  farther  North  within  Lan- 
caster Sound  than  has  been  attained  to   this  day 
by  any  vessel  of  all  the  English  Exploring  and 
Searching  Expeditions. 

His  discoveries  began  at   Cape   Bowden,  on 
the   17th  of  September.     By    the   end   of  the 


month  he  was  at  75°  '25'  N.  Here  he  saw  hith- 
erto unknown  land  to  the  East  and  West,  and  far 
off  to  the  North  beyond  the  land  on  the  maps. 
Of  this  new  discovered  land  he  gave  names  to 
Maury  Channel,  Grinnell  Land,  Mount  Frank- 
lin, and  other  places  around  Dc  Haven's  Bay, 
which  names  none  that  came  after  him  had  a 
right  to  alter.     He  says — 

'•  To  the  Channel  which  appeared  to  lead  into  the  open 
sea,  over  which  the  cloud  of  •  I'rost  smoko'  hung  as  a  sign,  I 
gave  the  name  of '  Maury,'  after  the  distinguished  gentleman 
at  the  head  of  our  National  Observatory,  whose  theory 
with  regard  to  an  open  Sea  to  the  North  is  likely  to  be  re- 
alized through  this  Channel. 

"  To  the  large  mass  of  Land  visible  between  N.  W.  and 
N.  N.  E.  1  gave  the  name  of '  Grinnell,'  in  honor  of  the  head 
and  heart  of  the  man  in  whose  philanthropic  mind  origina- 
ted the  idea  of  this  Expedition,  and  to  whose  munificence  it 
owes  its  existence. 

"  To  a  remarkable  Peak  bearing  N.  N.  E.  from  us, 
distant  about  forty  miles,  was  given  the  name  of  '  Mount 
Franklin.' 

"An  Inlet  or  harbour  immediately  to  the  North  of  Cape 
'  Bowdcn  '  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Griffin,  in  his  Land  ex- 
cursion from  Point  Innes  on  the  27th  of  August,  and  has 
received  the  name  of 'Griffin  Inlet.' 

"The  small  Island  mentioned  before  was  called  *  Mur- 
daugh's  Island'  after  the  actingj  Master  of  the  '  Advance.' 

"The  eastern  shore  of  Wellington  Channel  appeared  to 
run  parallel  with  the  western,  but  it  became  (juite  low,  and, 
being  covered  with  snow,  nould  not  be  distinguished  with 
certainty,  so  that  its  continuity  with  the  high  land  to  the 
North  was  not  ascertained." 

The  exclusion  of  the  discoveries  of  Captain 
Wilkes  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean  from  the  charts  of 


Captain  Ross,  with  all  the  circumstances  relating 
to  this  exclusion,  were  remembered,  but  it  was 
not  supposed  that  an  attempt  of  a  like  character 
could  be  made  to  set  aside  the  American  dis- 
coveries in  the  Arctic  Regions;  for,  that  no  vessel 
of,  and  no  party  from,  the  English  Expeditions 
was,  in  1850,  at  any  position  from  which  Grin- 
nell  Land  could  be  seen,  was  a  fact  unquestionably 
established  by  their  own  Reports  of  their  pro- 
ceedings. 

Yet  it  has  been  attempted.     In  England,  on 
their  maps,  it  has  been  accomplished.     There, 
on  the  authority  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty 
De  Haven's  discoveries  of  1850  have  been  set 
aside.    The  name  of  "  Grinnell »  has,  there,  been 
erased,  to  make  room  for  that  of  Prince  ^^  Albert." 
In  May,  1851,  eight  months   after  the   dis- 
covery by  Lieutenant  De  Haven,  the  same  land 
was  seen   by  Captain    Penny  and   his  parties. 
As  their  observations   do  not  agree   with  De 
Haven's,  it  is  proper  to  inquire  how   far  they 
were  qualified   to  correct   him   or   why'  theirs 
should  be  taken  in  preference  to  his. 

In  answer  to  questions  of  the  Arctic  Commit- 
tee, Capt.  Penny  said—"  The  observations  for 
longitude  were  rendered  useless  in  consequence 
of  our  time  pieces  not  keeping  equal  rate." 
"  The  longitude  was  by  a  dead  reckoning,  and 
could  not  have  been  far  out."  "  Being  young 
travellers,  we  all  over  estimated  our  distances, 
and  had  to  reduce  them,  some  nearly  eighty 
miles.-' 


6 

Being  inquired  of  about  a  discrepancy  in  lati- 
tudes, Penny  answered.  "  I  can  explain  that. 
I  was  deceived  myself  at  the  time.  It  was  a  low 
shingly  isthmus  covered  with  snow,  which  the 
best  surveyor  must  have  takeii  for  ice.  Mr.  Mc- 
Dougall  made  his  observation  when  it  was  cov- 
ered with  snow,  and  he  was  deceived,  as  I  was, 
from  a  distance." 

In  his  answers  to  other  questions  it  appeared 
that  he  was  in  the  water  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Baillie  Hamilton  Island  from  the  17th  of  June  to 
the  20th  of  July—  thirty-three  days.  In  all  that 
time  he  got  no  farther  west  than  Baring  Island, 
about  twenty  miles.  He  found  a  tide  of  at  least 
four  knots,  but,  though  near  the  land  all  the  time, 
could  not  tell  whether  the  flood  came  from  the 
eastward  or  westward.  He  took  no  soundings ; 
and  touched  the  coast  of  the  main,  land  at  one 
point  only — at  Cape  Beecher,  on  the  northeast 
side  of  the  channel. 

From  this  cape,  at  an  elevation  of  five  or  six 
hundred  feet,  he  took  the  exact  bearings  of  Capes 
Sir  John  Franklin  and  Lady  Franklin,  each  dis- 
tant from  him  sixty  or  seventy  miles.  He  not 
only  saw  both  Capes  very  distinctly  at  that  great 
distance,  but  he  was  able  to  mark,  at  the  same 
time,  the  ccast  line,  as  it  now  appears  on  the 
maps,  with  its  projections  and  indentations,  its 
Capes  and  Bays,  on  both  sides  of  the  channel, 
which  was  sixty  miles  wide  to  the  Southwest 
from  Cape  Beecher  and  twenty-five  miles  wide 
in  the  Northwest  at  Penny  Strait.    It  must  have 


been  in  this  view  of  Captain  Penny  from  Cape 
Beecher,  that  "  three  hundred  and  ten  miles 
of  coast  were  examined  by  the  boat,"  which  he 
says  was  done  ;  for  it  does  not  appear  that  at  any 
other  time  he  was  where  thirty  miles  of  coast 
could  be  examined  by  the  boat.  We  have  here 
exhibited  in  their  performances  some  of  the 
qualifications  of  Capt.  Penny  and  his  associates 
for  correcting  the  observations  of  an  American 
officer,  an  experienced  and  accomplished  seaman, 
thoroughly  versed  in  all  the  branches  of  nautical 
science. 

Of  the  five  maps  consulted  in  the  examination 
into  the   curious  and  progressive  discovery  of 
Albert  Land,  including  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monu- 
ment, the  first  is  Captain  Penny's  "outline  chart 
of  coast  explored  by  traveling  parties  from  the 
Lady  Franklin  and  Sophia,  in  search  of  H.  B.  S. 
Erebus  and  Terror."    It  was  prepared  at  Cap- 
tain Penny's  Winter  Quarters,  Assistance  Bay, 
and  delivered  to  Captain  Austin  before  they  left 
the  ice,  on  the  12th  of  August,  1851,    He  then 
had  no  knowledge  of  De  Haven's  presence  in  the 
Worth  in  the  fall  of  1850,  and  doubtless  believed 
that  all  he  saw  there  was  an  original  discovery. 
In  his  desire  to  make  this  as  large  as  possible,  he 
pressed  his  coast  line  as  far  North  as  he  could,  and 
extended  it  Westward  to  the  utmost  limits  of 
credence;    but,   with  this  exception  only,  he 
could  have  had  no  motive  for  not  representing 
every  thing  precisely  as  he  found  it.    As  to  his 


iZ 


8 

longitudes  and  latitudes,  it  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  he  says  his  "  observations  for  longitude  were 
rendered  useless/'  and  in  his  latitude  he  admits 
he  was  deceived  "  from  a  distance."  He  gives 
on  this  track-chart  the  routes  of  the  several  par- 
ties, and  the  coast  lines  and  islands,  seen  and 
supposed  to  have  been  seen  by  him  and  the  offi- 
cers under  his  command ;  but  he  gives  no  names 
to  the  land  or  the  water. 

"  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument,"  at  that  time, 
had  not  been  discovered. 

The  next  in  order  is  Penny's  "Outline  of  Dis- 
coveries," printed  in  the  Illustrated  London 
News  of  September  20,  1851,  within  two  weeks 
after  his  return  to  England.  It  is  nearly  a  copy 
of  the  preceding,  with  the  addition  of  names  to 
the  Capes,  Bays,  Islands,  &c.  Here  "  Grinnell 
Land"  is  first  called  "  Albert  Land,"  and  here 
"  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument"  is  first  named. 
It  is  placed  near  76°  45'  North,  and  93°  30' 
West. 

A  third  one  is  the  "Authorized  Chart," 
which,  with  Penny's  track  chart,  was  inserted  in 
the  appendix  to  the  Report  of  the  Arctic  Com- 
mittee. This  chai  t  bears  the  stamp  of  the  Hy- 
drographic  Office,  and  the  date  of  September 
23,  1851.  It  has  "  Albert  Land"  with  the  addi- 
tion "explored  by  Captain  Stewart."  The 
date  of  his  exploration.  May  1851,  is  omitted. 
It  gives  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument  in  77°  5^ 
North,  and  95°  30'  West,  and  puts  land  between 


M^'DougalPs  Bay  and  Victoria  Channel, .  which 
the  preceding  did  not. 

Up  to  this  time  it  may  be  said  that  neither  Cap- 
tain Penny  nor  the  Hydrographer  of  the  Admi- 
ralty had  more  precise  information  of  the  posi- 
tion  and  extent  of  Be  Haven's   discovery,  in 
1850,  than  they  obtained  from  the  published  let- 
ters from  the  American  Expedition  and  the  re- 
turned whalers,  and   hence  were   excusable  in 
claiming  all  seen   North  of  Cape  Bowden   as 
original  English  discoveries. 

When   the   next  (the  fourth)  map  was  pub- 
lished there  could  be  no  pretence  of  a  want  of 
information ;  as  full  accounts  of  De  Haven's  dis- 
covery  in  1850,  had  then  reached  England.    On 
this  map  appeared  the  first  certain  public  demon- 
stration of  a  determination  in  England  to  rob  him 
of  the  credit  of  the  discovery.     The  man  who 
volunteered,  or  who  was  selected,  to  perpetrate 
this  discreditable  act  is  one  extensively  known  as 
a  publisher  of  maps  and  charts,  and  whose  repu- 
tation for  ability  and  integrity  in  their  construction 
had  not  hitherto,  as  far  as  is  known  here,  been 
suspected.     This  map  has  the  following  title  : 
'•  Discoveries  in  the  Arctic  Sea,  between  Baffin  Bay  and 
Melville  Island;  showing  the  coasta  explored  on    the  ice 
by  Captain  Ommanney  and  the  officers  of  the  expeditions 
under  the  command  of  Captain  H.  Austin,  H.    N    C    B 
and  Captain  W.  Penny ;  also  by  the  Honorable  Hudson's 
i3ay  Company's  Expedition  under  the  command  of  Rear 
Admiral  Sir  John  Ross,  C.  B.  in  search  of  Sir  John  Frank- 
iin. 

2 


10 

"  Drawn  from  official  documents  by  John  Arrowsmhh, 
10  Soho  Square. 

'*  London.  Published  October  21st,  1851,  by  John  Ar- 
rowsmith,  10  Soho  Square." 

This  map,  "  drawn  from  official  documents, 
by  John  Arrowsmith,  10  Soho  Square,"  it  is 
seen,  bears  the  date  of  "October  21st,  1851," 
but  there  is  on  it  the  southern  shore  of  Wollas- 
ton  Land,  which  was  first  explored  in  May,  1851, 
by  Dr.  Rae.  The  letter  of  Dr.  Rae  giving  an 
account  of  his  exploration  and  enclosing  a  tracing 
of  the  coast,  was  dated  at  Kendall  River,  North- 
east of  Bear  Lake,  June  10, 1851,  and  was  com- 
municated by  the  Secretary  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  on 
the  10th  of  November.  It  was  not  possible  there- 
fore for  Mr.  Arrowsmith  to  publish  this  earlier 
than  November,  some  time  after  certain  intelli- 
gence of  De  Haven's  discoveries  had  been  re- 
ceived, and  it  probably  was  not  published  when 
the  Arctic  Committee  adjourned  on  the  17th  of 
that  month,  as  no  allusion  to  the  pretended  dis- 
covery by  Captain  Ommanney  was  made  by  the 
Committee  or  by  any  of  the  officers  who  were 
examined. 

On  this  map,  "  drawn  from  official  documents," 
Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument  is  placed  in  pre- 
cisely 77°  N.  96°  W. 

Over  the  coast  of  Grinnell  Land  Mr.  Arrow- 
smitii  has  placed  this  inscription  : 

"  Albert  Land.     Seen  {on  the  birth  day  of  H.  R.  H. 


11 

Prince  Albert,)  horn  H.  M.  S.  Assistance,  26th  August, 
1850. — Capt.  Ommanney's  Journal. 

•*  Independently  seen  and  explored  by  Captain  Penny 
and  hie  officers." 

Thus  it  appears,  that,  according  to  Mr.  Arrow- 
smith's  map,  Captain  Ommanney  has  asserted 
in  his  journal  that  he  discovered  "Albert  Land" 
on  the  26th  of  August,  1850.  This  assertion 
of  Captain  Ommanney,  if  true,  would  completely 
cut  off  De  Haven's  discovery  of  the  22d  of 
September.  But  it  is  not  true.  Whether  the 
statement  was  made  on  the  authority  of  Cap- 
tain Ommanney,  or  was  invented  by  Mr.  Arrow- 
smith,  must  be  settled  by  the  gentlemen  them- 
selves. In  the  inquiry  under  consideration  it  is 
of  no  importance  to  know  which  of  the  two  is 
responsible  for  it.  It  is  here  of  consequence 
only  to  ascertain  what  truth  there  is  in  it. 

The  name  of  "  Albert  Land"  was  given  to  the 
land  discovered  by  De  Haven  in  1850,  and  "  in- 
dependently seen  by  Captain  Penny  and  his  offi- 
cers" in  185 1 .  The  name  had  nothing  to  do  with 
Mr.  Arrowsmith's  birth-day  discovery.  "  Albert 
Land"  was  on  the  maps  published  before  Om- 
manney reached  England,  up  to  which  time 
neither  Austin,  nor  Penny,  nor  Stewart — not 
even  Ommanney  himself,  as  far  as  appears  in 
the  official  reports  and  correspondence,  had  ever 
heard  of  a  discovery  of  land  in  the  North  on 
the  26th  of  August,  1850. 

Mr.  Arrowsmith's  map  is  dated  October  21, 
1850,  one  day  earlier   than  the   letter  of    the 


12 

Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  to  Admiral  Bowles, 
informing  him  of  the  appointment  of  the  Arctic 
Committee.  This  Committee  met  on  the  24th 
of  October.  After  a  full  investigation  of  the 
journals,  reports,  and  proceedings  of  all  the 
Searching  Parties  of  the  expeditions,  and  the 
examination  of  the  officers  of  all  grades,  who 
gave  answers  to  upwards  of  fifteen  hundred 
questions,  the  Committee  adjourned  on  the  17th 
of  November,  and  made  thoir  report  on  the  20th. 

On  the  day  of  the  final  adjournment  of  the 
Committee,  the  last  witness  examined  was  Cap- 
tarn  Stewart.  Some  questions  were  asked  him 
respecting  the  contents  of  a  letter  he  received 
from  Captain  Austin  after  his  return  from  his 
exploring  journey,  about  the  end  of  June,  1851. 
Captain  Stewart  said  he  had  received  a  letter,  but 
did  not  recolle.-t  the  purport  of  it.  Question 
No.  1502  was  then  put  by  the  Chairman: 

"  Can  you  state  to  the  best  of  your  recollec- 
tion what  it  was  about  ?" 

Captain  Stewart's  answer  is—"  I  think  the 
purport  of  it  was  congratulating  me  on  my  return 
and  on  having  discovered  that  new  land  to  the 
north.'^ 

This  "  new  land  to  the  North,"  for  the  dis- 
covery of  which  in  May,  1851,  Captain  Stewart 
was  congratulated  by  Captain  Austin  in  the  suc- 
ceedmg  month  of  June,  is  the  "  Albert  Land"  of 
the  English  maps.  There  was  no  suggestion 
uj  ..!..  -  ..mmittce  nur  by  any  officer  exammed  by 


J  3 

them,  that  "  Albert  Land"  had  been  discovered 
by  any  other  person  than  Penny  and  Stewart, 
or  earher  than  May,  I85I.  Captain  Omman- 
ney,  in  h.s  examination  before  the  Committee  set 
up  no  pretence  to  the  discovery  of  the  "new 
^nd  to  the  North"  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850 
What  he  communicated  to  «  John  Arrowsmith, 
10  Soho  square,"  was  a  private  affair,  of  which 
we  know  nothing  but  what  Mr.  Arrowsmith 
has  been  pleased  to  make  public. 

Let  us  now  inquire  where  Captain  Ommanney 
was,  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850 

Commander  Forsyth  and  Mr.  Snow  both  say, 
that  on  tlje  25th  of  August,  1850,  the  day  the 
Prmce  Albert  entered  and  left  Wellington  Chan- 
nel, the  Assistance  (Captain  Ommanney's  ves- 
sel) was  working  over  to  Cape  Hotham 

aJITT/'T^'  '"  ^''  ''"'■■ '"  "-^  Admiralty, 
d  ted  12  April,  1851,  says  he  was  off  Beechey 

sland  on  Sunday,  the  25lh  of  August,  when  he 

earned   from  the  American  schooner,  Rescue, 

that  relics  of  Franklin  had  been  found  on  Cape 

"  The  '  Assistance'  was  ihcn  running  lo  the  westward  • 

and   anx,ons  to  be  possessed  of  every  particnrTfol' 

owed  her   with  the  intention  of  gofn/ „„  wtd.  bu  i 

had  not  that  opportunity  till  two  P.  M.  when  both  vessels 

aTormir'V"  '.'r  '-^'-.'-hi'Jsofthe  dl  0 
across  Wellington  Channel,  the  Assistance  bemg  about 
one  m,le  and  a  half  to  the  westward  of  us." 

This  shows   wh^rp    hp   "'•"< ^i,      -^"1 

-    -M^ie   ne  wao   uu  ihe  2blh.   of 

August.    Where  he  was  on  the  26th,  is  seen  in 

the  following  extract  from  Lieutenant  De  Ha- 


f 


14 

▼en's  Report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  dated 
New- York,  4  October,  1861. 

"On  the  26th  [of  August,  1850]  with  a  light  breeze, 
we  passed  Beechey  Island,  and  run  through  a  narrow 
lead  to  the  North.  Immediately  above  Point  Innes  the 
ice  of  Wellington  Channel  was  fixed  and  unbroken  from 
shore  to  shore,  nnd  had  every  indication  of  having  so  re- 
mained for  at  least  three  years. 

"  Further  progress  to  the  North  was  out  of  the  question. 
To  the  west,  however,  along  the  edge  of  the  fixed  ice,  a 
lead  presented  itself,  with  a  freshening  wind  from  S.  E. 
We  ran  into  it,  but  at  half  way  across  the  Channel  our 
head  way  was  arrested  by  the  closmg  ice.  A  few  miles 
beyond  this  two  of  the  English  vessels  (one  a  steamer) 
[Assistance  and  Interpid]  were  dangerously  beset.  I 
deemed  it  prudent  to  return  to  Point  Innes,  under  the  lee 
of  which  the  vessels  might  hold  on  in  security  until  a  fa- 
vorable change  should  take  place." 

Here  we  have  the  position  of  Captain  Om- 
manney  on  the  26th  of  August,  on  the  authority 
of  Lieutenant  De  Haven. 

The  appeal  will  now  be  to  Captain  Omman- 
ney  himself.  Let  him  say  in  his  own  words 
what  his  position  was,  and  whether  he  saw  "  Al- 
bert Land,"  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850.  In 
his  Report  to  Captain  Austin  of  10th  September, 
1850,  he  says — 

"  From  the  top  of  Beechey  Island  [August  23]  I  had  an 
extensive  view  of  Wellington  Channel  and  Cornwallis 
Island  ;  nothing  but  a  close  body  of  ice  could  be  seen,  an 
unbroken  field  of  ice  covering  an  extensive  sea  to  the 
Northward,  but  no  land  visible  beyond" 

"  On  the  25th  a  lead  opened  across  the  Strait  towards 
Cape  Hotham ;  I  therefore  considered  it  ;dy  duty  to  avail 
myself  of  this  opportunity  to  carry  out  your  instructions 


15 

and  examine  a  spot  where  I  felt  confident  a  record  would 
be  left  by  the  Expedition  on  their  progress  westward. 
The  Intrepid  was  despatched  under  steam  to  execute  this 
service,  whilst  we  followed  under  canvass. 

'•  During  the  day  Captain  Penny  communicated  with  me, 
and  having  informed  him  of  my  intention,  he  relumed  to 
search  the  bay  side  of  Beechey  Island.  We  kept  along 
the  solid  field  of  ice  extending  from  Cape  Innis  to  Barlow 
Inlet,  which  bounded  the  horizon  to  the  Northward,  and 
where  no  land  was  visible. 

"  When  six  miles  cast  of  Barlow  Inlet,  the  pack  ice  closed 
in  on  the  main  floe,  and  stopped  my  further  progress, 
where  the  Interpid  joined  us. 

"  In  this  position  we  continued  beset  in  Wellington  Chan- 
nel from  the  25th  ultimo  to  the  3d  inst,  strong  south- 
easterly winds  and  thick  weather  prevailing." 

These  extracts  from  Ommanney's  Report  fur- 
nish abundant  proof  that  no  discovery  was  made 
by  him  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850.  They 
show  that  on  that  day  he  was  fast  in  the  ice  near 
Barlow  Inlet  on  the  western  shore  of  Wellington 
Channel,  and,  that  he  saw  no  land  to  the  North- 
ward when  crossing  the  Channel  on  the  25th, 
^  nor  even  from  the  top  of  Beechey  Island,  where 
'  he  was  on  the  23d,  at  an  elevation  of  seven  or 
eight  hundred  feet. 

Captain  Ommanney  himself,  then,  exposes 
the  utter  groundlessness  of  the  assertion  of  Mr. 
Arrowsmith,  made  on  the  authority  of  his  own 
journal,  that  he  discovered  land  to  the  North  on 
Prince  Albert's  birth  day,  in  1850.  It  is  possible 
that  an  entry,  such  as  Mr   4r»'>t»citY.:fk  ..^r^--  x. 

may  now  be  found  on  his  journal,  but  no  one  who 
reads  his  letter  of  the  10th  of  September  can 


16  ^ 

believe   that  such  an   entry  was  made  there  in 
August,  1850,  or  before  his  return  to  England 
28  September,  1851.  ' 

Mr.  Arrowsmith's  was  followed  by  another 
map,  emanating  from  the  highest  authority  in 
England,  and  is  the  last  in  the  series,  so  far, 
showing  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  discovery 
of  Albert  Land  and  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monu- 
ment,    ft  is  entitled — 

"Discoveries  in  the  Arctic  Seas  to  1851. 
"  London.  Published  according  to  act  of  Par- 
"  liament  at  the  Hydrographical  Office  of  the 
"Admiralty.     April  8,  1852." 

This  was  prepared  for  publication  long  alter 
the  Admiralty  were  in  possession  of  De  Haven's 
Report ;  for  his  Report  was  included  in  the  pa- 
pers entitled    "Further    Correspondence   and 
"Proceedings  connected  with  the  Arctic  Expe- 
"  dition ;  presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament 
"  by  command  of  Her  Majesty,"   and  printed 
early  in  February ;  from  which  it  was  copied  by 
Lieutenant  Osborn  into  his  "Stray  Leaves  from' 
an  Arctic  Journal,"  published  in  London,  Feb- 
ruary 15,   1852.    Indeed,  the  map  itself  shows 
that  the  Report  was  before  the   Hydrographer 
when  it  was  constructed. 

The  Admiralty  therefore  knew  what  dis- 
coveries De  Haven  had  made  in  September,  1850. 
They  probably  feared  the  fraudulent  pretensions 
"1  ir*».  xirivvvcmiui  iiua  oaptain  Ommanney  to 
the  discovery  of  Albert  Land,  on  the  26th  of 


1? 

August    1850,  ,hc  Prince's  birtlwlay,  would  be 
dc  ected,  and  that  it  could  only  bo  made  an  £„« 
l.sh  d,sco.e,y  by  relying  entnely  on  « th"  .^df 
pendent  exploration"  of  it  by  Penny  and  hi,!  fr 

.n^De  W  t    'r  "''  ^^  ''^''''"S  and  discredit- 

arlie^-  that  If     I""'"''  """"'   '''S'^'  "'^""•« 
carl>e.     hat  ,s,  by  doing  precisely  what  had  been 

done  before  ,„  regard  to  the   discovery  of  the 
Antaret,c  Continent  by  Captain  Wilkes 

rhe  coast  line  of  the  Northern  Land  is  placed 
a  few  »„es  farther  to  the  North  by  SteJarU    J 

76      9,wh,le  De  Haven  made  Mount  Franklin 
76    o     showing  a   difference  of  fourteen  mile. 

As  thereisbntone  land  there  extend  ngtom 
i  St  to  West,  and  that  the  land  first  seen  by 
De  Haven  he  or  Stewart  must  be  wrong  some 
fourteen  miles ;  or  perhaps  neither  may  have"' 
precisely  correct,  as  it  is  possible  from  his  dis 
anee,  and  not  knowing  the  height  of  the  land 
I>e  Haven  might  not  be  exact  ' 

Doit  ^Wn    "'7   "''  '"'""''"''•^  «'  ^""'her 
point.    M'Dougall  carried  the  water  of  M'Dougall 

of  GoL  "f  "\''°'''  ^^''''  *°  'h^  """h-ard 
of  Goodsir's  southern  coast  line  of  the  Queen's 

Channe     making  Cornwallis  Island   an  ilnd 

rhis  coUision  of  the  Explorers  was  noticed  and 

correced  by  the  Hydrographer,  who   placed  a 

^n         ouu.H  s  connected  shore  line  for  Victoria 
Channel  was  secured,  and  Bathurst  Island  and 


18 

(yoinwullis  InI.-iii«1  wcic  made  uiw  laiul  ;  though 
(liis  latter  lad  ilofs  not  a|)|u<art()  havt;  Imumi  very 
Hutislaclorily  (i(^ti'nniiu'(l.     (Joodnir  hud    no  in- 
NtniiMoiits.       Mis  jotirnul  at  nvidiiifi;iit  on  tin^^ritli 
«)!'   May,  near  t lie.  placi*  in  (|ueHtion,   Incaliri   olV 
abruptly  in   tlu;  middle  of  a  sent(Miee,  wliiU^  In"- 
was  on  tlii^  iee  in  the  middle  ol'  IVIaiiMon   Hay, 
which  had  very   i!Uieh  the  appearance  ol' a  dei-p 
inlet  ;  and  in  the  mo'-niiif;  ortln^samc  day,  IVom 
an  elevation  of  two  hundred  leet,  a  lew  miles  to 
the  Kastvvard  of  his  terminus,  he  found  a  li^vel 
country  striMehin^  out  to  the  South  a  consider- 
nhle  distance,   and  the    view   in    that  dirtH^tioH 
bounded  by  hi^h  hills.      MVDou^adl  was  at  Nesd 
Island,  on  very   near  tht^  sann;  meridian,  on  the 
()th  of  .lun(^,  wInMi  he  observed  carefully  from 
a  hill  in  the  centre  of  the  Islaml,  and  saw  no  land 
North  of  hini  round  the  head  of  the  Hay,  nor  was 
his  view  in  any  direction  boumhMl  l)y  hii!;h  hills. 
This  over-lap[)in^  of  waters  and   latitudes,  and 
other  discrepancies  of  observations,  j)resented  no 
ditliculty  to  the  I  lydro«;rapher.     With  a  bold  and 
a  strong  hand  he  separated  the  waters  and  put 
dry  land  between  them  ;  and,  at  the  same  tinne^ 
made  a  low  isthmus  of  Dr.  (Joodsir's  high  hilR 
All  these  and  other  corrections  and  alterations 
were  adopted  by  the  Admiralty.     But  they  do 
not  admit  the  possibility  of  an  error,  by  De  Ha- 
ven or  by  t  ii  wart,  in  regard  to  the  exact  position 
of  the  . ciiv  h,  0  of  Grinnell  Land.     There  they 
do  not  I'csitate  a  moment,  but  come  at  once  to 


II  very 
no  iii- 

10  2.')!  It 

(liH     oil' 

11  liay, 
a  <lr('p 
y,  IVoin 

lill'H  to 

a  level 
nsider- 
rection 
[it  Nc;l1 
on  the 
\y  iVoni 
no  land 
lor  was 
;h  hills. 
es,  and 
itcd  no 
old  and 
md  put 

ic  *'  '  !?^ 

;h  'o  v.. 
[iralions 
hey  do 
Do  lla- 
positioii 
sre  they 
once  to 


ID 

th(^    absui'd   <-on(;lnHl()n    that    I)ailli(;    II.MniJiori 
iHJand,  with  an  l<:aN((;rn  fn   it  iiinniri^r  N„ilh  and 
South,    is  "TIk!  (hinnell    Land    of  th(;  V.  S. 
S(|midron,"  whirh  nirw  lOawl  and  Wc^st ;  and  that 
I)e  llavrn'H  aHsc'rtion  that  Ik;  saw  land   wlirn- he 
haH  niaik(;d(irinin'll    Land,  is  nntrue.     Ind<;(;d 
Ihem  wnH  no  niiddi(>    |mtli  to   take.     Tluiy  had 
either  to  admit  Do  Haven's  statement  to  Im;  tnnj 
or  to  ri\]w.{  it  as  untrue  ;  for,  to  ehargc;  him  with 
eommittiiiir  a  hhmd<'r  of  a  few  milcis  would  he 
an  admission  of  his  Discovery,  which,  appanwillv, 
it  was  their  (h^tiirmination  from  iIk;  first  to  deny. 
Thouf^h  Orinnell   f.and  has  no  place  on   tin; 
Admiralty  map,  to  Mount  I'Vanklin,  which    now 
appeared  for  \\u)  first    time;  on  an   Ku<r\\Hh  map, 
th(7  have  assigncid  cpjite  a  conspieiious  position. 
They  found  (Jrinnell  Land  mov(;(l  fourteen  mih^s 
to  the  North,  !)ut  inste.id  of  placing  Mount  Frank- 
lin on  the  same  par.  Ilel  with  it,  they  shoved  tin; 
latter  round  to  the  Eastward  in  Longitude  91"  28' 
of  their    map,   and    ehang(Ml  its    hearing  from 
N.   N.  E.   to  N.  E.;  and  then,  as  if  to  convict 
De  Haven  of  misreprescmtalion  or    ignorance; 
they   marked   on  Hailiio    Hamiltr)n  Island,    four 
degrees   and    a   half  to   the    Wcistward^  "The 
(irinnell  Land  of  the  U.  S.  Squadron." 

By  this  cunning  hut  unfair  and  unjustifiahle 
device,  (for  Mount  Franklin  and  Grinnell  Land 
arc  on  one  and  the  same  coast,  north  of  De  Ha- 
ven's Bay,)  "  Mount  Franklin  of  De  Haven," 
is  placed  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bay,  as  it  is 


20 


1 1 


drawn  on  their  maps,  within  ten  miles  of  the 
coast  between  Baring  Bay  and  Point  Hogarth, 
in  a  very  flat  country,  where  Captain  Stewart 
eays  when  speaking  of  the  place  where  he  buried 
some  provisions — "  We  buried  them  and  built  a 
'^  large  cairn  to  mark  the  place,  so  that  we  might 
"  not  pass  it  in  returning,  the  land  being  so  low 
"  and  flat  that  there  was  nothing  whatever  to 
"  make  one  know  the  place  again,  without  some 
"  mark,  our  own  sledges  being  the  highest  thing 
"insight  for  miles  and  miles,  except  the  hum- 
"  mocks  in  the  ofling."  There  could,  then,  be 
no  Mount  Franklin  there. 

Thus,  by  cutting  De  Haven's  Discovery  into 
two  parts,  erasing  one  entirely  and  placing  the 
other  fourteen  miles  to  the  South  of  their  north- 
ern coast  line,  they  endeavour  to  make  it  quite 
clear  that  he  did  not  see  Grinnell  Land  at  all, 
and  that  there  can  be  no  Mount  Franklin  ;  and 
therefore  all  that  he  says  about  discovering  land 
to  the  North  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a 
sheer  fabrication. 

^ Mount  Franklin  has  been  a  great  puzzle  to  the 
English  Hydrographers  and  map  makers.  All 
they  knew  about  it  before  De  Haven's  return  to 
the  United  States,  was  the  reference  by  Dr. 
Kane  in  a  letter,  to  a  remarkable  Peak,  bearing 
N.  N.  E.  from  the  ships.  They  knew  from  this 
that  there  was  a  distinctly  marked  high  land  some- 
where in  the  direction  indicated  by  Dr.  Kane. 
But  this  was  all  they  knew.     Nothing  like  it  had 


might 


21 

been  seen  or  mentioned  by  Penny  or  by  Stewart. 
No  notice  of  such  a  Peak  is  found  on  any  of  the 
Journals  of  Penny's  parties.     But   when   his 
''  Outhne  of  Discoveries/'  of  September  20,  was 
prepared,  a  "  remarkable  Peak  "  was  required 
to  make  it  complete.    It  would  not  do   to  leave 
undiscovered  what  it  was  known  De  Haven  had 
seen.     So  "  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument,"  with 
two  remarkable  Peaks,  was  discovered  for  the  oc- 
casion, and  very  faintly  placed  in  about  latitude 
76°  46'  N.,  longitude  between  93°  and  94°  W. 
On  the  copy  examined  it  is  so  faintly  marked  that 
only  the  words  can   be  seen— nothing  of  the 
Monument  is  perceptible. 

It  is  possible  Sir  Francis   Beaufort  thought 
the  position  first  chosen  for  the  Monument  was 
too  near   De   Haven's   Mount   Franklin,    and 
that  farther  off  it  would  be  much  safer  from  a 
suspicion  of  its  surreptitious  existence.     So  he 
altered  its  location.     On  the  "  authorized  chart" 
of  September  23,  "  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monu- 
ment" is  removed  to  77°  5'  North,  95°  30'  West. 
Arrowsmith,  October  21,  got  it  a  little  farther 
West—he  changed  it  to  77°  North,  96°  West ; 
but  he  does  not  cite  Captain  Ommanney's  Jour- 
nal as  his  authority  for  this  change.     When  the 
cunning  device  was  conceived   of  cutting   off 
Mount  Franklin  from  Grinnell  Land,  and  taking 
it  around  from  the  North  to  the  East  side  of  De- 
Haven  Bay,  by  the  Admiralty,  April  8,  1852,  it 
appeared  to  be  entirely  out  of  the  way,  so  the 


22 


Hydrocjrapher  carried  the  Monument   back  to 
77'^  5'  North,  95°  30'  West. 

Thus  it  has  been  floating  about,  from  Septem- 
ber to  April,  like  a  log  drifted  by  the  tides. 
Where  it  may  be  placed  on  the  next  map 
"  drawn  from  otlicial  documents,"  no  one  on 
this  side  the  Atlantic  can  imagine.  To  the 
question — "  Who  has  seen  Sir  John  Barrow's 
Monument,  and  what  is  its  true  position  ?"  there 
is  no  answer.  Penny  did  not  see  it.  Stewart  did 
not  see  it.  Sutherland  did  not  see  it.  None  of 
the  explorers  saw  it.  There  was  no  authority 
for  placing  it  any  where.  "  Sir  John  Barrow's 
Monument"  is  a  mere  fiction,  thought  indispensa- 
ble, perhaps,  in  sustaining  the  attempfto  appro- 
priate to  the  English  explorers  of  1851,  the 
American  discoveries  in  1850. 

These  are  some  of  the  fruits  of  an  undertaking: 
prompted  by  kindness  and  urged  on  by  humanity. 
It  was  carried  out  with  ability,  energy,  and  per- 
severance.    What  is  given  in  return  for  this? 

What  are  England's  thanks  to  Lieutenant  De 
Haven  ?  His  discoveries  are  taken  from  him,  his 
fair  fame  is  assailed,  and,  through  him,  the  honor 
of  the  flag  he  sailed  under  is  contemned.  What 
are  England's  thanks  to  Mr.  Grinnell  ?  His  name 
has  been  rudely  and  scornfully  ejected  from  a 
land  where,  according  to  the  laws  and  usages  of 
all  civilized  nations,  it  had  a  right  to  remain 
forever;  they  have  put  in  its  place  the  name  of 
another  but  not  a  nobler  man. 


23 

Such  are  tlio  thanks  and  tlie  greetings  of  Eng- 
land to  America,  for  sending  solicited  aid  to 
assist  in  ascertaining  the  fate  of  her  long  absent 
subjects. 

Nevertheless,  should  another  call  be  made  for  a 
similar  mission,  may  there  then  be  a  Grinnell,  and 
a  De  Haven,  and  an  administration  in  these  Uni- 
ted States,  ready  to  answer  it,  and  prompt  to  act 
upon  it.  But  the  self-respect  of  the  people  and 
government  of  America  should  never  again  per- 
mit their  Flag  to  be  associated  on  such  a  service, 
with  one  that  may,  from  whatever  motive,  be 
unwilling  to  do  it  justice.  No— rather  in  all  fu- 
ture time,  when  sent  forth  in  the  cause  of 
humanity  or  of  science,  wherever  duty  may  call 
it,  there  let  that  Flag  be  seen,  floating  proudly 
— but  alone. 


R.  A.  Waters,  Print.,  Washingtou. 


/v 


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SUPPLEMENT. 


Supplement  to  Grinnell  Land.  Head  at  the 
Ordinary  Meeting  of  the  JVational  Institute ,  July, 
1853.     By  Peter  Force. 

In  the  "  Remarks"  on  certain  English  Maps  here- 
tofore presented,  the  unfair  attempt  made  in  England 
to  impose  upon  the  world  by  the  exclusion  of  the 
American  Discovery  in  1850,  from  their  Maps,  and 
the  substitution  in  place  of  it  of  their  own  explora- 
tions in   1851,  was  met,  it  was  believed,  at  Qvery 
point,  and   fully  exposed,  by  authorities  from  their 
own  Reports  and  Official  Papers. 
^    Copies  of  the  « Remarks"  were  sent  to  persons 
m  England  who,  it  was  supposed  would  expose  its 
errors  if  any  were  detected,  or,  if  none  were  dis- 
covered, would  admit  that  it  told  the  plain  truth, 
and  acknowledge  promptly  and  with  good  feeling, 
the  wrong  on  their  side.    It  appears,  however,  that 
though  they  detected  no  errors,  none  had  the  can- 
dor to  admit  that   the  truth  had  been  fairly  stated. 
The  Admiralty,  the  Hydrographer,  Captain   Om- 
manney,  Mr.  Arrowsmith,  Captain  Penny,  &c.,  were 
all  silent. 

The  cause  of  their  silence  is  well   understood. 
.y  cou.f.  proauce  no  evidence  of  a  discovocy  of 
'Albert"  land  in  1850,  nor  name  one  who  claimed 
1 


for  Mmself  such  a  discovery.  This,  in  addition  to  an 
overwhelming  consciousness  of  their  inability  to  set 
aside  the  Discovery  of  Grinnell  Land,  made  them 
silent.  But  while  silent  as  to  the  American  Dis- 
covery in  1850,  they  have  endeavored  lo  build  up  an 
English  discovery  at  an  earlier  date  in  that  year. 

When  the  Remarks  were  submitted,  '^  John  Ar- 
rowsmith,  10  Soho  Square,"  alone  had  claimed  an 
English  discovery  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850. 
This  claim  appeared  exclusively  on  his  map,  on  the 
alleged  authority  of  Captain  Ommanney's  Journal — 
an  authority  that  was  proved  to  be  entirely  fabulous 
by  Captain  Ommanney's  official  Report. 

The  maps  were  printed  and  scattered  abroad  in 
the  hope,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  that  the  "Albert" 
land  of  the  Admiralty,  and  of  Arrowsmith  and  Om- 
manney,  would  be  adopted  without  question,  and 
become  fixed  on  the  maps  in  Europe,  before  the  de- 
ception could  be  exposed  there. 


In  the  meantime  English  books  began  to  give  an 
indirect  support  to  the  maps.  The  writers  of  these 
did  not,  in  so  many  words,  deny  that  De  Haven  dis- 
covered Grinnell  Land;  but  they  did  the  same 
thing,  indirectly  but  effectually,  wherever  English 
books  influence  or  control  public  opinion.  They  did 
it  by  a  suppression  of  the  truth.  They  in  general 
make  no  allusion  to  De  Haven's  being  in  Welling- 
ton Channel  at  all;  but  they  all  suppress  the  fact 
that  on  the  22d  of  September,  1850,  he  was  up  the 
Channel,   on   its  western   side,  as  high  as  75"^  25'' 


8 


on  to  an 
Ly  to  set 
]e  them 
an  Dis- 
Id  up  an 
year, 
ohn  Ar- 
imed  an 
t,  1850. 
I,  on  the 
)urnal — 
fabulous 

)road  in 
■Albert'' 
;nd  Om- 
on,  and 
the  de- 


give  an 
of  these 
ven  dis- 
le  same 
English 
hey  did 
general 
Velling- 
the  fact 
s  up  the 
75"  25' 


North.  The  retention  of  '^Albert"  land  on  the  Eng- 
lish maps,  depends  upon  the  successful  suppression 
of  this  fact.  If  they  succeed  in  their  efforts  to  sup- 
press it,  "Albert"  land  will  remain  an  undisturbed 
English  discovery  where  the  Admiralty  have  placed 
it,  and  Grinnell  Land  will  be  expunged  and  for- 
gotten. 

Instances  of  the  suppression  here  charged,  which 
is  England's  forlorn  hope  on  this  question,  can  easily 
be  brought  forward. 

Dr.  Sutherland  in  his  Journal  of  Captain  Penny's 
Expedition,  says — 

"  It  appeared  that  the  American  ships  got  beset  in  Barrow 
btrait  on  the  very  evening  that  they  passed  Assistance  Bay, 
in  which  state  they  continued  throughout  the  winter,  drifting 
to  the  I.astward  and  Southward,  until  they  were  set  at 
liberty  by  the  swell  of  the  Atlantic,  in  Latitude  (j^°  or  m° 
m  the  beginning  of  June."  ' 

Kennedy,  in  his  short  Narrative  of  the  Second 
Voyage  of  the  Prince  Albert,  has  a  very  brief  notice 
of  De  Haven's  drift — 

^  "  On  the  13th  (August,  1851,)  as  we  had  expected,  we  fell 
m  with  the  American  Squadron,  at  tliat  time  all  well  and  in 
high  spirits,  after  their  extraordinary  and  unparalleled  drift 
of  eight  months  m  the  heart  of  the  pack,  through  Lancaster 
Sound  and  Baffin's  Bay.' 

In   Seemann's   Narrative  of  the  Voyage  of  the 
Herald,  we  find — 

"  On  the  10th  of  September,  (1850,)  the  American  ves- 
sels, with  the  entire  Searching  Squadron,  were  concentrated 
about  eight  miles  South  of  Griffith's  Island,  the  furthest 
westing  gained  by  the  former.  While  the  English  vessels 
now  took  up  their  winter  quarters,  the  American  commander 
though  he  was  provisioned  for  three  years,  decided  on  pro- 
ceeding homewards.  His  vessels,  however,  becanio  imbedded 
m  the  pack  icc,  opposite  Wellington  Channel,  and  were  help- 


lertsly  drifting  during  the  ensuing  ivintcr,  through  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  along  Baffin  a  Bay,  boyoiul  Capo  Walsingham, 
where,  after  much  exposure,  trial  and  danger,  they  were  at 
last  liberated  on  the  10th  of  June,  1851." 

Sutherland,  and  Kennedy,  and  Seemann  all  agree. 
They  each  make  De  Haven  drift  to  the  Eastward  and 
Southward,  through  Lancaster  Sound  and  Baflin's 
Bay.  They  all  suppress  his  drift  to  the  JVorthward. 
Their  exact  agreement  that  the  American  vessels  did 
not  drift  to  the  North,  but  only  to  the  East  and 
South,  cannot  be  a  mere  extraordinary  coincidence- 
it  is  the  evidence  of  a  concert  of  action  ^or  the  ac- 
complishment of  an  unworthy  purpose  ;  for  not  one 
of  the  persons  named  can  take  refuge  under  a  plea 
of  ignorance  of  De  Haven's  Northern  drift,  or  of  his 
position  on  the  22d  of  September,  1850. 

These  silently  excluded  De  Haven  from  Welling- 
ton Channel,  to  cut  him  off  from  the  Discovery  of 
Grinnell  Land.     This  may  be  considered  their  share 
in   the   undeclared  v^rar  on  his  reputation.     It  was 
merely  undermining,  leaving  to  others  to  make  the 
more  open  assault  by  charging  him  with  falsehood. 
Lt.  Markham,  in  his  "  Franklin's  Footsteps,"  and 
the  London  Quarterly  Review  for  April,  1853,  both 
follow  more  closely  in  the  wake  of  the  Admiralty, 
and  permit  De  Haven  to  make  his  way  up  Welling- 
ton Channel  so  far  North  as  to  get  a  sight  of  Baillie 
Hamilton  Island,  but  of  nothing  beyond  it.    Lieu- 
tenant Markham  says — 

"  The  American  vessels,  at  the  approach  of  winter,  at- 
tem-^ted  to  return  home.  On  the  13th  of  September  they 
advanced  as  far  as  Cape  Hotham,'but  were  beset  at  the  enr 


'jancaster 

singham, 

wcro  at 


11  agree. 
ard  and 

Ballin's 
Hhward. 
ssels  did 
last  and 
dence — 
'  the  ac- 

not  one 
jr  a  plea 
or  of  his 

Welling- 
:overy  of 
eir  share 
It  was 
nake  the 
ilsehood. 
sps,"  and 
^53,  both 
dmiralty, 
Welling- 
of  Baillie 
t.    Lieu- 


winter,  at- 

jmber  they 

at  the  cnr 


trance  of  Wellington  Channel  soon  afterwards.  On  the  IHth 
they  were  drifted  up  the  Channel,  north  of  Cape  Bowden. 
They  drifted  slowly  to  the  N.  N.  W.  until  the  22d,  when 
they  observed  a  small  Island  separated  from  CornwuUis  hy 
a  channel  about  three  miles  wide  (Murdaugh  laland).  To  a 
channel  leading  north-west  was  given  the  name  of  Maury 
Channel.  The  Island  (called  by  Penny  Baillie  Hamilton)  to 
the  N.  N.  W.  was  named  lirinnell  Land." 

Markham  could  know  nothing  of  what  the  Ameri- 
cans saw,  but  from  the  Report  and  Journals  of  Dc 
Haven  and  his  ofllcers;  and  yet,  solely  on  the  au- 
thority of  the  Admiralty  Chart,  he  says  their  state- 
ments are  untrue.  He  says  distinctly  that  Penny's 
Baillie  Hamilton  Island  is  De  Haven's  Grinnell  Land. 
Of  this  gentleman,  who  says  he  was  "  one  of  the 
youngest"  of  Austin's  Expedition,  it  may  be  said, 
that  his  modesty  is  of  a  piece  with  his  years. 

The  Reviewer,  who  can  scarcely  put  in  the  same 
plea,  of  extreme  youth,  in  his  justification,  takes  the 
same  ground — 

"  The  American  Expedition  made  a  most  singular  sweep. 
Lieut.  De  Haven  parted  company  with  the  other  searching 
vessels  on  the  13th  of  September,  off  Grifiith's  Island.  But 
the  frost  had  already  set  in,  and  snow  having  fallen,  the  sea 
was  covered  with  a  tenacious  coating  through  which  it  waa 
impossible  for  the  vessels  to  force  their  way.  As  the  Ice 
about  them  thickened  they  became  entirely  at  the  mercy  of 
the  winds  and  the  currents. 

"  To  the  astonishment  of  all  on  board,  they  were  carried 
directly  up  Wellington  Channel.  IIcrQ  drifting  about  as  the 
wind  varied,  they  came  on  the  22d  of  September,  in  sight  of 
that  Island  which  in  our  Charts  is  named  Baillie  Hamilton." 

De  Haven  said,  (and  so  his  officers  say,)  that 
when  at  75°  25'  Korth,  he  saw  land  from  that  posi- 
tion, extending  from  N.  W.  to  N.  N.  E.  This  Lieu- 
tenant Markham  and  the  Reviewer  deny.    They  say 


i      '» 

,1 


I  I 


8 

the  farthest  North  land  he  saw,  was  in  latitude  75""  44^, 
that  is,  Cape  Washington,  the  South  Eastern  Point  of 
Hamilton  Island.  Their  only  authority  for  this  is  the 
false  entry  on  Hamilton  island,  in  the  Admiralty 
Chart  of  April  8,  1852.  According  to  that  Chart, 
De  Haven  came  "  in  sight  of  that  Island,"  when  he 
reached  Cape  Bowden ;  that  is  to  say  there  was  no 
land  marked  between  that  Cape  and  the  Southern 
shore  of  Hamilton  Island  to  prevent  its  being  seen, 
and  the  distance  being  less  than  that  from  Cape 
Beecher  to  Cape  J  ady  Franklin,  Penny  could  have 
seen  it  very  easily,  in  a  case  of  emergency ;  but  even 
he,  with  the  greatest  exertions  of  his  far-seeing  fac- 
ulties, could  not  see  the  Southern  shore  of  Hamil- 
ton Island,  from  the  hill-top  at  his  Point  Decision. 
Nor  could  De  Haven  see  it  from  his  ship.  De  Haven 
never  saw  Hamilton  Island. 

Besides  these  instances  of  intentional  suppression 
of  a  well  known  and  well  established  truth,  to  shove 
the  American  Flag  aside,  that  their  own  might  ap- 
pear to  be  in  front,  there  is  one  of  unfairness  that  is 
referred  to  with  reluctance,  but  which  cannot  be  per- 
mitted to  pass  without  some  notice.  From  his  rep- 
utation for  straight  forward  honesty  and  manliness 
of  character,  as  understood  in  America,  something 
better  was  looked  for  from  the  gentleman  now  al- 
luded to— the  President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  of  London.  It  was  believed  that  from  a  re- 
gard for  his  own  fair  fame,  and  for  the  fair  fame  of 
his  colleagues  as  a  body,  as  well  as  for  the  trust- 
worthiness of  their  labors,  that  if  he  referred  to  the 


American  Expedition  at  all,  he  would  speak  the 
truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth. 
His  position  made  this  his  duty.  How  did  he  per- 
form this  duty  : 

At  a  meeting  of  the  London  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  on  the  8th  of  November  last,  which  "  was 
attended  by  many  Arctic  Authorirl-s,"  allusion  was 
made  to  the  American  Arctic  Expedition,  by  the 
President  of  the  Society,  Sir  Roderick  Murchison. 
In  his  Address,  he  said — 

^  "  In  alluding  to  the  efforts  which  have  been  made  by  indi- 
viduals in  this  humane  cause,  I  need  scarcely  remind  you  of 
the  Search  after  Franklin,  which  was  executed  through  the 
munificence  of  a  single  citizen  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Grinnell,  who  in  consequence  was  elected  by  your  acclama- 
tion, an  honorary  member  of  this  Society— nor  to  the  able 
manner  in  which  Captain  De  Haven,  of  the  American  Navy, 
carried  out  the  project,  and  was  among  the  foremost  in 
discovering  new  lands." 

Without  stopping  to  inquire  why,  at  so  late  a  day, 
in  the  Geographical  Society,  it  was  considered  expe- 
dient to  class  De  Haven  "  among  the  foremost  in 
discovering  new  lands,"  in  connection  with  the  elec- 
tion of  Mr.  Grinnell,  "by  acclamation,"  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Society,  it  may,  with  safety,  be  as- 
sumed, that  it  is  intended  to  be  understood  as  the 
acknowledgment,  in  full,  by  England  to  the  United 
States.  That  Mr.  Grinnell  is  to  receive  this  vote 
"  by  acclamation,"  as  an  equivalent  for  the  expul- 
sion of  his  name  from  the  Land  discovered  by  De 
Haven,  in  1850— that  De  Haven,  as  a  discoverer,  is 
to  be  satisfied  with  being  classed  "  among"  those 
who  first  saw  in  1851,  what  he  had  discovered  in 


wi^iiift^rtuMa^i  ttt  I  mtviMmmmmm 


8 

1850;  and  that  by  such  compliments  America  will 
be  coaxed,  not  only  into  a  relinquishment  of  the 
Discovery  of  Grinnell  Land,  but  also  into  an  admis- 
sion of  the  prior  discovery  of  "Albert"  land. 

If  these  were  the  expectations  of  Sir  Roderick,  he 
should  be  undeceived.  He  should  understana  th-^t 
he  estimates  at  much  too  high  a  rate  the  value  of 
compliments,  even  when  voted  "  by  acclamation," 
by  the  distinguished  Society  over  which  he  presided ; 
and  that  such  a  vote,  if  accompanied  by  a  denial  of 
De  Haven's  Discovery,  or  a  refusal  to  admit  it, 
would  be  worthless  to  Mr.  Grinnell,  and  insulting  to 
Lieutenant  De  Haven,  and  to  his  country. 


Having  cleared  away  some  of  the  rubbish  of  a 
year's  accumulation,  it  is  proposed  to  refer  again  to 
the  Discovery  of  Grinnell  Land.  De  Haven's 
account  of  it  has  been  given  heretofore.  The  state- 
ments of  his  officers  will  be  given  now,  not  as  evi- 
dence to  sustain  him,  for  that  is  altogether  unneces- 
sary, but  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  in  contrast 
the  averments  of  the  witnesses  of  an  actual  Discov- 
ery, with  the  representations  of  persons  who  ap- 
peared as  witnesses  to  support  a  discovery  which 
nobody  claims  to  have  made,  and  which  they  knew 
was  never  made. 

Dr.  Kane,  in  his  Journal,  is  very  fuH  and  very 
clear,  and  very  particular,  as  to  the  Discovery — 

^^  Septemher  21,  1850,  Wo  have  drifted  still  more  to  tho 
Northward  and  Eastward.  A  reliable  observation  gave  us 
Lat.  75°  20'  38".    Apparently  we  arc  not  more  than  seven 


ca  will 
of  the 
ad  mis - 

ick,  he 
na  ih'^t 
alue  of 
ation," 
esided ; 
enial  of 
Imit  it, 
Iting  to 


sh  of  a 
igain  to 
Haven's 
e  state- 
as  evi- 
nneces- 
contrast 
Discov- 
r^ho  ap- 
'  which 
r   knew 

id  very 

y— 

)ro  to  tlio 

gave  us 

lan  seven 


miles  from  the  shore,  which  is  still  of  the  characteristic 
hmestone  of  the  lower  channel.  Terraces  of  ahingle  are 
rising  one  above  another  in  regular  succession.  They  follow 
the  curve-like  sweep  of  the  indentations.  Estimated  by  eye, 
the  height  of  the  uppermost  is  about  forty  feet  above  the 
water  line ;  but  I  was  of  course  unable  at  that  distance  to 
compare  the  levels  of  the  successive  ledges  with  those  ob- 
served between  Capes  Spencer  and  Innes  on  the  opposite 
side. 

"About  tea-time,  we  saw  a  set  of  hill-tops  to  the  North  by 
West,  apparently  of  the  same  configuration  with  the  hills 
around  us.  The  coast  of  Cornwallis  Island  now  receded  to 
the  Westward,  and  an  intermediate  space,  either  of  water  or 
of  very  low  beach,  separates  it  from  the  new  land  to  the 
North  and  East  of  us.  Whether  this  be  a  cape  from  a 
Northern  Terra  Incognita,  or  a  new  bend  of  the  opposite 
shores  of  North  Devon,  I  am  not  prepared  to  say. 

*'We  took  sextant  bearings.  From  this  date  we  may 
claim  the  discovery  of  that  land,  which  we  were  able  after- 
wards to  define  satisfactorily.  *  Grinnell  Land',  as  it  was 
afterwards  named  by  our  Commander,  was  thus  discovered 
nearly  eight  months  before  it  was  delineated  and  named  by 
Captain  Penny  in  May,  1851. 

'' September '^.^d.—Thm  day  of  rest  (Sunday),  which  opened 
with  clear  cold  serenity,  gave  us  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the 
un visited  shores  of  Wellington  Channel.  Our  latitude  by  arti- 
ficial horizon  was  now  75"  25',  or  about  sixty  miles  North  of 
Cape  Hotham.  Cape  Bowden  on  the  eastern  side  had  disap- 
peared, and  on  the  West  a  dark  projecting  cape  from  which 
we  took  our  sextant  angles,  was  seen  bearing  to  the  West  of 
South.  To  the  Northward  and  Westward  low  land  was 
seen  having  the  appearance  of  an  island,  although  it  may 
have  been  connected  with  the  shore  by  an  unseen  strip.  Its 
Eastern  termination  was  more  elevated. 

"  The  bend  of  the  Western  shore,  was  now  clearly  to  the 
Westward.  It  was  rolling  with  the  terraced  shingle  beaches 
before  observed,  and  ended  or  apparently  ended,  abruptly. 

"After  and  beyond  these  to  the  North,  without  visible 
land  intervening,  were  the  mountain  tops  which  terminated 
our  view.^  These  were  two  in  number,  one  higher  than  the 
other  and  bearing  .     A  third  summit,  more  dis- 

tant than  the  others,  was  seen  by  me  from  the  mast-head,  but 


10 


the  bases  of  all  these  as  is  often  the  case  with  distant  moun- 
tains could  not  be  traced  to  the  horizon. 

"  Without  the  aid  of  a  known  height,  and  in  an  atmos- 
phere so  deceptive,  I  could  not  venture  to  give  their  distance 
in  miles.  Lieut.  Do  Haven  estimated  the  middk  peak  the 
nearest,  and  most  conspicuous,  at  about  fifty  miles.  It  bore 
North  North  East." 

Here  Dr.  Kane  is  direct  and  positive.     He  is  not 

compelled  to  resort  to  *^  a  division  of  opinions/'  nor  a 

"  first  idea,"  nor  an  "  if."    He  is  plain  and  outright. 

He  says — 

"  Grinnell  Land,  as  it  was  afterwards  named  1^^-'  our 
Commander,  was  thus 'discovered  nearly  eight  months  ojfor. 
it  was  delineated   and  named  by  Captain  Penny  in  May, 

Lieutenant  Griflin,  Commander  of  the  Rescue,  in 
his  Narrative  of  De  Haven's  Voyage,  is  as  clear  and 
positive  as  De  Haven  and  Kane,  as  to  the  Dis- 
covery : — 

"  A  succession  of  southerly  gales  occurring,  we  were  driven, 
with  all  the  ice  in  sight,  up  Wellington  Channel,  until  we 
reached  the  latitude  75°  25'.  From  that  position  much  new 
land  was  seen.  A  range  of  high  mountains  very  justly  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Grinnell.  A  channel  leading  to  the 
N.  W.  was  named  after  the  distinguished  gentleman  at  the 
head  of  the  National  Observatory,  Mr.  Maury.  Capes  and 
Islets  never  before  seen,  unless  by  the  missing  navigators, 
were  named.  By  gazing  on  that  which  was  entirely  new  to 
man,  the  spirit  of  enterprise  became  animated — we  felt  dis- 
posed even  then  to  load  the  sledge,  and  toil  slowly  in  the 
direction  of  the  mountain  range. 

"  Captain  Penny,  the  followin,i  spring,  without  knowledge 
of  our  having  been  ahead  of  him,  gave  English  names  to  the 
above  Land,  calling  Grinnell  Land,  Albert  Land ;  Maury'a 
Channel,  Victoria  Channel,  &c.  The  mistake,  as  soon  as  it  is 
explained,  I  suppose  will  be  corrected  on  the  English  Charts." 

Lieutenant  Griffin  erred  in  his  supposition.  The 
"  mistake"  was  sufficiently  explained  before  Penny's, 


•11 


nt  moun- 

m  atmos- 

'  distance 

peak  the 

It  bore 

[e  is  not 
3^'  nor  a 
jutright. 


(1  T^''  our 

ths  1/ jfor;. 

in  May, 

;scue,  in 
lear  and 
he  Dis- 

re  driven, 
until  we 
luch  new 
justly  re- 
g  to  the 
an  at  the 
Japes  and 
ivigators, 
y  new  to 
3  felt  dis- 
ly  in  the 

nowledge 
les  to  the 

Maury'a 
on  as  it  is 

Charts." 

1.  The 
^enny's, 


or  Arrowsmith's,  or  any  other  chart  of  the  Arctic 
Discoveries  in  1850,  was  published.  The  Lords  of 
the  Admiralty  received  officially  an  explanation  of 
the  "  mistake/'  more  than  two  months  prior  to  the 
date  of  the  Admiralty  chart,  of  April  8,  1852.  Their 
"mistake"  has  not  yet  been  corrected.  They  still 
adhere  to  the  name  of  "Albert"  land. 

Under  what  pretence  of  right  do  they  do  this  ? 
The  American  Discovery  is  recorded  in  the  Report 
of  De  Haven,  the  Journal  of  Kaiie,  the  Narrative 
of  Griffin,  and  the  logs  of  the  ships.    This  is  the 
American  evidence. 

As  to  the  pretended  English  discovery  of  the  26th 
of  August,  it  is  not  mentioned  in  any  official  Report, 
nor  is  it  alluded  to  anywhere  before  the  publication 
of  Arrowsmith's  Map.     No  one  besides  Arrowsmith 
has  claimed  a  discovery  up  Wellington  Channel,  in 
1850.     This  claim   was    disposed  of  before  it  was 
made ;    and  no  one  has  since  presented  a  single  fact, 
or  produced  a  sin^Je  voucher,  in  support  of  a  dis- 
covery there,  on  Prince  Albert's  birth-day,  in  that 
year.     Penny  and  Sutherland,  it  is  true,  have  each 
alluded  to  a  discovery  as  if  one  had  been  made  on  that 
day ;  but  both  take  particular  care  to  avoid  the  res- 
ponsibility of  asserting  that  one   was  made,  or  that 
they  believe  one  was  made,  on  the  2Gth  of  August, 
1850.    This  is  the  English  evidence,  and  on  this  evi- 
dence "  Albert"  land  is  retained  on  the  English  maps. 

j-^r.  outuerland's  Journal  of  Captain  Penny's  Ex- 
petlition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  was  pub- 


in 


12. 

lished  in  August,  1852.  There  had  been  full  time, 
from  the  publication  of  Arrowsmith's  Map,  to  en- 
lighten Penny  and  Sutherland  on  the  subject  of 
Arrowsmith  and  Ommanney's  discovery.  Much 
might  have  been  done  in  nine  months — perhaps 
much  was  done. 

A  Travelling  Report  of  Captain  .nny's  Journey 
to  the  North,  in  1851,  is  given  in  the  eighteenth 
chapter  of  Sutherland's  Journal.  From  this  Report 
Captain  Penny  appears  to  have  been  the  first  of  the 
English  Explorers  who  obtained  a  view  of  Grinnell 

Land. 

On  Monday,  May  12, 1851,  at  half  past  ten  P.  M., 
Penny  first  saw  the  north  land,  from  Cape  Graham. 
This  cape  is  the  Point  Decision  of  the  English  Maps. 
Here,  Penny  says — 

"At  this  point  I  ascended  a  hill  about  four  hundred  feet 
high,  from  which  I  could  see  land  stretching  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Channel  Northward  to  a  point  bearing  about 
N.  E.,  and  appeared  to  be  continued  North  Westward,  as  if 
it  should  join  the  land  on  which  I  stood,  which  stretched 
away  about  N.  W. 

"There  was,  however,  a  space  to  the  Eastward,  in  which 
the  land  was  lost  sight  of.  Here,  as  well  as  between  the 
point  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  there  might  be  openings  out  of  the 
newly  discovered  Sea.  . 

"I  came  to  the  resolution  of  proceeding  Northwardsy 
leaving  instructions  for  Messrs.  Marshall  and  Goodsir,  to 
continue  along  the  line  of  coast  leading  to  Northwestward." 

He  started  on  the  Ice,  to  cross  this  "  newly  dis- 
covered sea,"  (De  Haven  Bay,)  at  five  P.  M.,  of  the 
1 4th.  His  course,  he  says  was  N.  W.  by  N .  At  mid- 
night he  encamped,  havin-j  made  from  twenty  iive  to 
thirty  miles.    From  this  encampment  he  discovered 


13 


ull  time, 
>,  to  en- 
ibject  of 
Much 
-perhaps 

Journey 
ghteenth 
3  Report 
•St  of  the 
Grinnell 

n  P.  M., 

Graham, 
sh  Maps. 


idred  feet 
the  oppo- 
fing  about 
yard,  as  if 
stretched 

,  in  which 
itween  the 
out  of  the 

jrthwards, 
roodsir,  to 
jstward." 

Bwly  dis- 

H.j  of  the 

Atmid- 

ty  iive  to 

iscovered 


Hamihon  Island,  bearing  about  N.  W.  and  distant 
from  him  at  least  twenty  miles.  At  half  past  one,  P. 
M.,  on  the  15th,  he  made  for  the  Island,  which  he 
reached  at  seven  P.  M.,  of  the  same  day. 

He  was  at  Point  Surprise,  the  Northeastern  point 
of  Hamilton  Island,  on  the  16th.  "This  Point  is  a 
very  low  one,  and  there  was  immensely  pressed  up 
ice  upon  it."    He  says,  from  this  point— 

"To  the  North  and  North  East,  the  land  could  be  seen 
very  bold,  at  a  distance  of  about  twenty  miles,  and  its  deep 
Bays  could  be  distinguished  very  clearly. 

"As  the  FIRST  IDEA  of  there  being  land  in  this  direction, 
occurred  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850,  on  board  H.  M.  S. 
Assistance,  and  also  on  board  the  Sophia,  our  discovery  is 
doubly  entitled  to  be  named  after  H.  R.  H.  Prince  Albert." 

Penny  here  claims  the  discovery  for  himself.  Bj 
"  our  discovery"  he  means—"  discovered  by  me,  on 
the  12thofMay,  1851,  at  half-past  tenP.  M.,  and  not 
by  Captain  Ommanney  on  the  26th  of  August,  1850." 
Why,  then,  was  it  doubly  entitled  to  be  named  after 
H.  R.  H.  Prince  Albert }  It  was  not  because  Cap- 
tain Ommanney  or  any  one  else  saw  land  in  that  direc- 
tion on  the  26th  of  August,  1850,  but  because  the 
^^ first  idea  "  of  there  being  land  in  that  direction, 
occurred  on  that  day  on  board  the  Assistance  and 
the  Sophia. 

But  Penny  does  not  admit  any  actual  discovery  of 
"Albert"  land  earlier  than  the  12th  of  May,  1851. 
He  concedes  to  the  Assistance  and  the  Sophia  no 
more  than  the  "first  idea,"  (whatever  that  may  be 
worth,)  on  the  26th  of  Anp-ust  ]«-'irt  •  nn/i  tWia  ».« 
concedes  not  to  Captain  Ommanney,  but  to  the  two 


14 

ships,  which  may  apply  lo  any  or  lo  all  on  hoard  hoth, 
with  the  cxce|)tion  of  Captain  Onunanncy,  to  whom, 
after  his  tlisdainujr,  it  could  not  be  applied. 

This  is  all  that  Captain  Penny  has  to  say  on  the 
discovery  of  "Albert"  land.  He  makes  no  allusion  to 
De  Haven's  Discovery  the  preceding;  year,  nor  to  the 
fact  that  the  American  ships  were  up  the  Channel 
lo  75"  25'  North,  or  were  in  the  Channel  at  all,  after 
the  lOth  of  September,  in  1850.  He  wished  himself 
to  be  named  as  the  discoverer,  in  1851.  Hut  this  was 
not  permitted.  It  had  been  determined  in  a  (juarter 
-too  powerful  for  him  to  resist,  that  ''  Albert"  land 
should  be  discovered  in  August,  1850,  so  as  to  an- 
ticipate De  Haven.  He  knew  this  was  not  true, 
and  saw  it  threw  him  in  the  back  ground  ;  yet  he  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  it.  But  he  was  careful  to  show 
there  could  be  no  truth  in  the  August  discovery, 
thereby  leaving  his  own  pretensions  free  from  em- 
barrassment, it  the  American  Discovery  could  be  set 
aside,  in  the  accomplishment  of  which  he  was  very 
willing  to  assist. 

What  did  Dr.  Sutherland  do }  He  was  laboring 
m  the  same  cause,  and  like  Captain  Ommanney,  he 
kept  a  Journal  in  which  he  noted  on  each  day,  what 
he  heard,  and  what  he  saw,  of  what  occurred  on 
that  day  ;  but,  unlike  Cajjlain  Ommanney,  he  has 
published  his  Journal. 

The  day  selected  for  making  Captain  Ommanney's 
discovery  for  Mr.  Arrowsmith's  Map  (the  Prince's 
birth  day)  was  a  happy  thought ;  and  but  for  the  inter- 


15 


ird  both, 
)  whom, 

'  on  the 
liision  to 
)r  to  th(5 
Chiumol 
all,  aflnr 
[  himself 
this  was 
(juarter 
•i'^  land 
s  to  an- 
^t  true, 
.  he  was 
to  show 
icovery, 
om  em- 
J  be  set 
as  very 


aboring 
ney,  he 
y,  what 
•red  on 
he  has 

anney's 
^rince's 
e  inter- 


vention oi  a  few  (lilliciiltieH,  which  most  men  would 
have  found  insurmountable,  was  a  very  judicious 
selection.     These  dillicultics  were— 

Ist.  On  that  day  Captain  Ommanney  was  distant 
some  nin(!ty  geographical  mihis  from  the  land  to  be 
discovcM'cd. 

2d.  At  that  distance  it  could  not  have  been  seen 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  with  a  clear 
sky. 

3d.  During  the  day  "the  sky  was  overcast  with  a 
dense  misty  haze." 

'Ith.  Not  on(«  on  board  any  of  the  English  vessels 
in  Wellington  Ciiannel,  on  the  2f)th  of  August,  1850, 
has  said  that  \w,  made  any  discovery  there  himself 
or  heard  that  one  had  been  made  on  that  day,  or  on 
any  other  day  in  18/50. 

Well  aware  of  the  existence  and  the  force  of  these 
and  other  dilllculties,  Dr.  Sutherland  saw  how  neces- 
sary it  was  to  select,  in  the  first  place,  another  day 
to  make  the  discovery.  Ommanney  crossed  the 
Channel  on  the  25th  of  August,  and  after  that  day 
Sutherland  could  set  up  no  pretence  of  even  a  possi- 
bility of  his  seeing  land  in  the  north.  The  nearest 
approach,  then,  to  his  making  the  discovery  on  the 
26th  of  August,  was  to  make  it  on  the  25th.  This 
was  one  day  too  soon,  but  there  was  no  help  for  it. 

In  his  Journal,  on  the  25th  of  August,  1850,  he 
says — 

TT^'ii^^a^^.  a'^'^P''^  '"^  ^^'^  evening,  Mr.  Penny  went  onboard 
11.  M.  fe.  'Assistance'  Avhich  by  that  time  was  closclv  be- 
set; ncr  render  [the  Intrepid]  being  beset  six  or  ci«ht  miles 
turthcr  on  toward  '  JJarlow  Inlet." 


16 


After  mentioning  the  return  of  Captain  Penny  to 
the  Lady  Franklin,  and  the  arrangements  between  the 
officers  of  the  two  vessels  for  continuing  the  search, 
he  adds — 

"  The  officers  of  the  *  Assistance  '  and  of  the  *  Intrepid* 
were  divided  in  their  opinions,  with  respect  to  the  continua- 
tion of  Land  across  the  top  of  the  Channel.  Some  of  them 
said  they  had  seen  it,  while  others  maintained  with  equal 
positiveness,  that  what  had  been  seen  was  not  land,  but  open 
water.  Each  had  his  abettors  in  our  expedition, — Mr.  Man- 
son  with  the  former,  and  Mr.  Stewart  with  the  latter.- 

"  However,  no  one,  as  far  as  I  knew  at  the  time,  could  say 
with  any  degree  of  certainty,^  that  there  was  either  the  one 
or  the  other,  and  bring  forward  proofs  of  the  truth  of  his 
assertion," 

• 

This,  it  should  be  remembered,  Dr.  Sutherland 
says  is  what  occurred  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  August, 
1850;  and  out  of  this  has  been  fabricated  his  dis- 
covery of  Captain  Onirnanney's  discovery  of  Albert 
Land,  on  the  Prince's  birth  day,  the  twenty-sixth  of 
August,  1850. 

So  much  of  it  as  relates  to  what  the  unnamed 
"  some  of  them  "  said  about  seeing  land  in  U  .  North, 
from  the  Assistance,  on  the  25th  of  August,  is 
answered  by  Captain  Ommanney,  in  his  letter  of 
September  10,  1850.  Speaking  of  the  same  25th  of 
August,  he  says — 

"  During  the  day  Captain  Penny  communicated  with  mo, 
and  having  informed  him  of  my  intention,  he  returned  to 
search  the  Bay  side  of  Beechey  Island.  We  kept  along  the 
solid  field  of  Ice  extending  from  Cape  Innes  to  Barlow  Inlet, 
which  bounded  the  horizon  to  the  Northward,  and  where  no 
land  was  visible." 

There  was  neither  land  nor   water  seen  to  the 

Northward.     It  was  all  Ice.    In  addition  to  this  un- 


'enny  to 

feen  the 

search, 

Intrepid' 
continua- 
I  of  them 
th  equal 
but  open 
kir.  Man- 
r^ 

could  say 
r  the  one 
th  of  his 

herland 
August, 
his  dis- 
'  Albert 
sixth  of 

nnamed 
North, 
gust,  is 
etter  of 
25th  of 

with  me, 
urned  to 
Jong  the 
ow  Inlet, 
where  no 

to  the 
this  un- 


17 

qualified  and  uncontradicted  assertion  of  Captain 
Ommanne y,  and  the  emphatic  silence  of  Lieut.  Mark- 
ham,  there  is  the  evidence  of  Sutherland's  Meteorolo- 
gical Register,  that  no  land  twenty  miles  distant  could 
be  seen.  In  his  Register  for  that  day,  (August  25, 
1850,;  the  remark  is,  "A.  M.  cloudy,  squally,  over- 
cast ;  P.  M.  misty,  overcast,  snow."  With  such  an 
atmosphere,  to  see  land  or  water  at  any  considerable 
distance,  was  impossible. 

It  is  very  probable  "  the  officers  of  the  Assistance 
and  of  the  Intrepid  were  divided  in  their  opinions 
respecting  the  continuation  of  land  across  the  top  of 
the  Channel,"  as  different  opinions  on  that  very  point 
had,  like  Penny's  ^^first  idea,"  been  entertained  for 
more  than  thirty  years— that  is,  ever  since  the  dis- 
covery of  the  channel  by  Parry  in  1819.  But,  as  no 
land  "  across  the  top  of  the  Channel,"  could  have 
been  seen  by  any  of  them,  on  the  25th  of  August, 
1850,  it  is  not  probable  that  ^^  some  of  them  said 
they  had  seen  it." 

Besides  these  "  divided  opinions"  and  what  "  some 
of  them  said"  on  the  25th  of  August,  Sutherland 
appears  to  know  nothing.  He  actually  knew  nothing 
of  any  discovery  of  land  at  the  top  of  the  Channel 
on  the  next  day,  the  26th  of  August,  1850.  In  his 
printed  Journal,  the  26th  of  August  occupies  nearly 
seven  pages,  but  not  one  word  is  found  there  about  any 
other  discovery  than  Franklin's  winter  quarters;  the 
seeing  of  land  to  the  North  is  not  even  mentioned,  nor 
is  it  again  alluded  to  until  the  26th  of  May  in  the 
following  year,  after  an  interval  of  nine  months. 


18 


Dr.  Sutherland  was  attached  to  a  party  sent  by 
Captain  Penny,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Stewart,  to  explore  the  eastern  shore  of  Wellington 
Channel.  The  party  started  to  cross  the  Ice  of  the 
Channel  on  the  9th  of  May,  1851  ;  they  encamped 
about  four  miles  south  of  Point  Hogarth,  at  noon,  on 
the  21th  of  May. 

Sutherland  then  says — 

"  On  the  two  following  days  we  were  crossing  Prince  Al- 
fred Bay,  and  after  a  few  hours'  march  on  the  26th,  we  en- 
camped within  five  miles  of  land,  stretching  to  the  westward 
in  latitude  70°  25'.  The  coast  does  not  present  a  straight 
line,  the  deflections  occasionally  vary  in  latitude  from  5'  to  7'. 

"  The  newly  discovered  Land  was  visited  and  taken  pos- 
session of,  but  it  is  doubtful  to  whom  the  honor  of  naming  it 
belongs,  if  it  be  the  same  Land  seen  by  Captain  Ommanney 
of  11.  M.  S.  Assistance,  and  Mr.  Manson,  mate  of  the  Sophia, 
on  the  26th  of  August,  1850. 

"  This  matters  little,  so  long  as  it  bears  the  illustrious 
name  of  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  "Albert,  with  which  Cap- 
tain Ommanney  honored  his  discovery. 

*'  If  the  expedition  under  the  command  of  Mr.  Penny  can- 
not claim  the  privilege  of  naming  it,  it  can  that  of  exploring 
it,  and,  so  far  as  we  know,  of  first  landing  upon  it." 

Dr.  Sutherland,  who  might  consider  it  great  in- 
justice to  charge  him  with  intentional  deception,  can- 
not object  to  the  somewhat  milder  charge  that  he  in- 
tended to  mislead.  He  was  in  Wellington  Channel 
on  the  26th  of  August,  1850,  on  the  eastern  side  ; 
Ommanney  was  there  on  the  same  day  on  its  west- 
ern side.  He  knew  Ommanney  made  no  discovery 
on  that  day.  There  could  be  no  doubt  in  his  mind 
on  the  subject.  He  knew,  as  far  as  Ommanney  was 
concerned,  there  was  no  discovery  on  that  day,  of 
any  land.    A  ad   while  he  avoids  a  direct  assertion 


19 


sent  by 
Captain 
llington 
I  of  the 
camped 
loon^  on 


rince  Al- 

i,  we  en- 
westward 
straight 
n6'to7'. 
aken  pos- 
laming  it 
nmanney 
e  Sophia, 

Ihistrious 
bich  Cap- 

;nny  can- 
exploring 


jreat  m- 
on,  can- 
It  he  in- 
Channel 
n  side ; 
its  west- 
iscovery 
lis  mind 
ney  was 
day,  of 
assertion 


that  Ommanney  made  a  discovery,  he  insinuates  it. 
"  If  it  be  the  same  land  seen  by  Captain  Omman- 
ney." "This  matters  little,  so  long  as  it  bears  the  name 
of  His  Royal  Highness,  Prince  Albert,  with  which 
Captain  Ommanney  honored  his  discovery." 
»-  The  "if"  will  not  save  Dr.  Sutherland.  The 
charge  against  him  of  intending  to  mislead  stands 
good.  He  know  Ommanney  discovered  no  new  land 
in  J 850,  and  could  not  honor  a  discovery  made  by 
him,  in  that  year,  with  the  name  of  Prince  Albert. 

But  after  all,  Sutherland  could  not  be  induced,  in 
the  face  of  his  Journal  and  Meteorological  Register,  to 
recognise  and  endorse  the  discovery  made  in  Om- 
manney's  name.  He  would  not  say  "  Captain 
Ommanney  discovered  Albert  Land  on  the  26th  of 
August,  1850,"  though  he  affects  to  do  it,  by  a  very 
awkward  and  transparent  innuendo.  Like  Penny  he 
insinuates,  but  leaves  the  responsibility  of  asserting 
such  a  discovery  with  Captain  Ommanney  and  Mr. 
Arrowsmith.  In  their  hands  it  was  at  the  beginning 
a  discredited  and  discreditable  affair.  And  it  so  re- 
mains. Ail  that  Sutherland  would  venture  to  say, 
amounts  to  no  more  than  this.  On  the  25th  of 
August,  1850,  the  discovery  was  merely  a  division 
of  opinion  between  the  officers  of  the  Assistance  and 
the  Intrepid,  on  the  long  controverted  question, 
whether  there  was  open  water  or  a  continuation  of 
land  in  the  North  up  Wellington  Channel. 
On  the  26th  of  May,  1851,  every  thing  was  changed. 

It  wae  nn  lr»no-pr  n  rllflTprpprP  nf  onlnion  hp.tWPftTl   the 

officers  of  the  Assistance  and  Intrepid.      "  The  offi- 


li 


r* 


20 

cers"  of  these  vessels  now  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
matter,  nor  had  their  "  abettors,"  Mr.  Manson  and 
Mr.  Stewart.  Captain  Ommanney  and  Mr.  Manson, 
the  first  not  named  and  the  other  only  an  abettor 
in  1850,  were  used  in  their  stead,  as  seers  of  the  "If' 
land. 

This  is  Dr.  Sutherland's  history  of  Captain  Om- 
manney's  discovery  of  "Albert'^  land. 

This  completes  what  Penny  and  Sutherinnd  have 
to  say  on  the  birthday  discovery.  Penny's  unlocated 
"  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument,"  now  requires  a 
brief  additional  notice. 

Previous  to  the  appearance  of  Sutherland's  vol- 
umes no  certain  position  had  been  assigned  to  this 
Monument;  and  his  book,  so  far  from  finding  for  it 
a  fixed  point  on  the  earth's  surface,  leaves  the  site 
for  it  as  much  at  large  and  uncertain  as  before. 

The  time  taken  to  prepare  Penny's  Travelling-  Re- 
port ibr  publication,  was  certainly  sufficient  for  the 
selection  of  a  suitable  and  permanent  location  for  the 
Monument,  were  such  a  thing  possible.  But  this 
was  found  to  be  impossible.  None  of  the  parties 
sent  out  by  Penny  had  noticed   the   "snow-clad 

±       •  C.  1  ■.       . 


J> 


or  even 


mountains  often  enveloped  in  the  clouds, 
the  rugged  hills  that  were  seen  from  Point  Surprise. 
Simpson  did  not  see  them  from  Cape  Simpkinson  or 
Cape  Beecher;  nor  Sutherland  from  Point  Hogarth ; 
nor  Goodsir  or  Marshall  from  Cape  Austin.  Penny 
was  the  sole  discoverer:  and  he.  in  h\°  o«^;«t.,  *,. 
make   sure  of  one,  discovered,  according  to  what 


21 

purports  to  be  his  own  account,  two  distinct  Monu- 
ments,  each,  in  form,  unHke  the  floating  Monument 
ot  the  Maps,  with  two  remarkable  peaks;  but  like 
that  one,  both  are  without  a  known  and  fixed  abiding 
place.  " 

But  let  Penny  tell  his  own  story,  or  rather,  his 
two  stories.  On  the  16th  of  May,  1851,  when 
standing  on  Point  Surprise,  "  a  very  low  point  '^  he 
says —  ^ 

vJI'-^k'u^'.^'J^^^'"^^"^^^^^''^^*'*^*^  l«n^l  couM  be  seen 

very  bold  at  a  distance  of  about  twenty  miles  and  iff  .l!!f 

bays  could  be  distinguished  very  clS  '  ^''^ 

"At  a  considerable  distance  from  the  Coast  line,  in  Prince 

pa^'^erhi'I"?  "  V'^^'V'  '^^^'"^  h^"^'  which  in  one 
pait  rises  high  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  land    and 

appears  to  be  the  most  Northern  point  that  could  be  dL 

covered  from  the  position  which  I  occupied.     TMI  named 

Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument." 

On  reading  this,  the  first  question  suggested  by 
It,  IS,  what  IS  the  bearing  and  the  distance  from  Point 
Surprise,  of  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monument;  but 
neither  bearing  nor  distance  is  given.  The  «  range 
of  rugged  hills,"  ^<  the  most  northern  point  that 
could  be  discovered"  from  Point  Surprise,  may  have 
been  any  where  between  N.  W.  and  N.  E.,  and  at 
an  mdefi^iite  distance  inland  or  coastwise,  according 
to  its  elevation. 

But  this  rugged-hill  Monument,  wherever  it  may 
be,  was  not  satisfactory.  It  was  too  much  like  De 
Haven's  Mount  Franklin.  Something  more  im- 
posing  was  wanted.  Penny,  accordingly,  discovered 
one,  just  such  as  was  required. 

On  the  16th  of  July,  (precisely  two  months  after 


1 


the  discovery  of  his  rugged  hills,)  he  was  on  the 

east  side  of  Dundas  Island,  about  ten  miles  N.  W. 

from  Cape  Surprise — 

"At  eight  A.  M.  we  started ;  and  as  the  weather  was  per- 
fectly clear,  the  Chart  was  taken  to  the  highest  hill-top,  and 
spread  out. 

"  The  compass  being  next  thing  to  useless,  the  card  of  it 
was  taken,  and  by  its  assistance,  bearings  were  taken  and 
positions  assigned  to  every  point  of  land  and  island^  with,  I 
believe,  considerable  accuracy  from  the  sun.  They  might 
be  a  little  out;  but  as  every  precaution  was  observed  to  se- 
cure accuracy,  it  must  have  been  little. 

"From  Cape  Beecher,  on  the  North  shore,  the  land  could 
be  seen  trending  away  to  the  N.  W.  to  a  distance  of  sixty  or 
seventy  miles.     It  is  very  bold  land. 

"  The  land  on  the  west  side  of  Queen  Victoria  Channel 
appeared  to  extend  due  north  from  thr  north  side  of  Bathurst 
Island,  which  by  this  time  had  been  proved  to  be  continuous 
with  Cornwallis  Island  to  the  eastward. 

^^At  the  remotest  distance  that  could  he  seen  in  Prince 
Albert  Land,  we  again  observed  the  snow-clad  mountainsy 
often  enveloped  in  clouds,  which  had  been  named  Sir  John 
Barrow's  Monument. 

"It  was  seen  several  times  since  Hamilton  Island  had 
been  reached  with  the  boat ;  but  at  no  time  had  we  so  clear 
a  view  of  it  as  on  this  day. 

"  Nothing  but  water  was  seen  to  the  N.  W.  in  Queen  Yic- 
toria  Channel,  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach." 

Snow-clad  mountains  often  enveloped  in  clouds ! 
This  was  a  monument  worthy  of  Sir  John  Barrow. 
The  wealth  of  England  cannot  erect  such  a  monu- 
ment to  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  Mount  Franklin 
is  a  mole  hill  compared  to  it. 

Yet  this  snow-clad  mountain  discovery  is  not 
without  its  embarrassments.  Like  its  rugged  hill 
predecessor,  no  hint  is  given  of  its  position.  It  is 
left  anoat  and  adrift,  and  may  bring  up  any  where 
between  N.  W.  and  N.  E.    Besides,  in  May,  when 


sa 


vas  on  the 
liles  N.  W. 

her  was  per- 
hill-top,  and 

le  card  of  it 
e  taken  and 
land,  with,  I 
They  might 
jrved  to  se- 

e  land  could 
}  of  sixty  or 

ria  Channel 

of  Bathurst 

e  continuous 

I  in  Prince 

mountainsy 

id  Sir  John 

Island  had 
we  so  clear 

Queen  Yic- 

n  clouds ! 

I  Barrow. 

1  a  monu- 

Franklin 


•y  IS  not 
gged  hill 
on.  It  is 
ny  where 
ay,  when 


the  snow  still  maintained  its  utmost  extent  of  breadth 
and  depth,  while  the  Monument  was  merely  a  range 
of  hills,  there  was  no  mention  of  snow  on  their  tops; 
but  in  the  middle  of  July,  the  Monument  consisted  of 
"snow-clad  mountains,  often  enveloped  in  clouds." 

The  retention  of  both  these  discoveries  in  the 
printed  Journal  was  exceedingly  indiscreet.  The 
rugged  hills  of  May  did  very  well,  and  would  have 
been  quite  sufficient  if  the  snow -clad  mountains  of 
July  had  been  omitted;  or,  the  latter  would  have 
answered  admirably  if  the  former  had  been  thrown 
out.  The  unfortunate  appearance  of  both  may  be 
attributed  to  the  carelessness  of  the  getters-up  of  the 
narrative.  But  Penny  cannot  complain,  for  he,  too, 
was  careless ;  he  not  only  omitted  all  mention  of 
either  in  his  Report,  but  he  also  neglected  to  mark 
either  of  them  on  his  Chart. 

Yet  his  chart  appears  to  have  been  in  requisition 
on  all  occasions  when  the  sun  could  be  seen ;  and 
doubtless,  as  "bearings  were  taken  and  positions  as- 
signed to  every  point  of  land  and  island,"  every 
thing  he  saw,  or  believed  or  imagined  he  saw— every 
thing  to  which  a  name  has  been  given,  was  carefully 
noted,  and  had  a  place  assigned  to  it,  and  yet  not  a 
trace  of  either  of  his  or  Sir  John  Barrow's  Monu- 
ments is  found  there. 

This  omission,  however,  was  caused  by  his  care- 
lessly omitting  to  discover  a  Monument  before  a  copy 
of  his  chart  passed  out  of  his  hands  into  Captain 
Austin's.  This  was  on  the  11th  of  August,  1851, 
the  day  before  he  commenced  his  return  voyage  to 


I, 

I' 


""!W*»!W?»- 


24 


England,  and  before  the  Monument  was  thought  of, 
or  De  Haven's  Mount  Franklin  had  been  heard  of. 
The  non-discovery  by  Penny  was  first  discovered 
when  De  Haven's  discovery  was  announced.  Then 
an  English  discovery  became  indispensable  ;  and  Sir 
John  Barrow's  Monuments  were,  all  of  them,  dis- 
covered— that  with  the  two  remarkable  peaks ;  the 
next,  the  rugged  hills ;  and  third,  the  snow-clad 
mountains.  The  first  occupied  several  different 
positions  on  the  maps,  while  the  others  are  to  be 
found  no  where.  And  these  things — these  Monu- 
ments— are  sent  forth  with  apparent  seriousness  as 
English  geographical  discoveries,  when  they  are 
nothing  but  monuments  of  English  skill  in  the  art  of 
discovery. 

There  is,  however,  one  chance  yet  for  the  release 
of  the  Admiralty  from  the  perplexities  caused  by  the 
erratic  transitions  of  their  ambulatory  Monument. 
Captain  Belcher  went  up  Wellington  Channel  with 
his  ship  and  a  steamer,  in  August,  1852,  through,  as 
Inglefield  reports,  a  very  open  sea.  Belcher,  if  he 
crossed  De  Haven's  Bay,  will  bring  back  with  him 
an  accurate  delineation  of  the  southern  coast  of 
Grinnell  Land,  with  its  capes,  and  its  hills,  and  its 
mountains.  From  these  the  Board  can  easily  select 
one,  (it  may  be  Cape  Simpkinson,)  and  point  to  it 
in  triumph,  as  Sir  John  Barrow'  Monument,  found 
at  last,  in  place,  fixed,  and  immoveable. 


De  Haven's  Mount  Franklin   had  been  pressed 
into  their  service  by  the  Admiralty,  to  build  up  Sir 


25 

John  Barrow's  Monument,  just  as  Grinnell  Land 
was  removed  to  make  room  for  "Albert"  land ;  in 
return  they  made  De  Haven  the  discoverer  of  Ham- 
ilton Island.  In  other  words,  they  deny  that  he  saw 
what  he  did  see,  and  make  him  see  what  he  could 
not  see ;  and  this  with  his  Report  before  them,  for 
a  copy  of  which  they  were  indebted  to  the  courtesy 
of  the  American  Minister— a  courtesy,  by  the  way, 
that  was  neither  appreciated  nor  reciprocated.  Their 
Lordships  omitted  to  send  a  copy  of  the  English 
Expedition  Reports  to  the  Navy  Department  of  the 
United  States. 

After  they  had  given  De  Haven's  Report  a  careful 
examination  and  compared  it  "with  that  which  had 
been  published  there,"  their  Lordships,  it  appears, 
"  directed"  the  Hydrographer  to  reject  the  Ameri- 
can Discovery  of  Grinnell  Land,  and  mark  on  the 
Southern  part  of  Hamilton  Island—"  the  Grinnell 
Land  of  the  U.  S.  Squadron." 

This  "  direction"  of  their  Lordships  to  the  Hy- 
drographer was  an  act  of  deliberate  and  gratuitous 
official  rudeness  towards  the  United  States ;  while 
it  also  imputed  to  De  Haven  ignorance  or  falsehood, 
though  a  single  fact  does  not  exist  to  give  the  slight- 
est color  for  the  gross  and  groundless  imputation. 
The  Admiralty  Lords  did  not  appear  to  know  that 
these  United  States  had  some  time  since  ceased  to 
be  English  Colonies,  and  no  longer  formed  a  part  of 
Briiish  America.  They  could  scarcely  have  treated 
Jamaica  or  even  Canada  more  cavalierly.  De  Ha- 
ven's Discovery  was  set  aside  with  as  little  ceremony 


2C 

as  Godfre)  s  Quadrant  was  converted  into  "Hadley'i 
Quadrant"  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago. 

To  expose  the  absurdity  and  the  folly  of  the  Ad- 
miralty in  this  matter,  it  is  only  necessary  to  ascer- 
tain when,  and  how,  and  by  whom,  Hamilton  Island 
was  discovered. 

Penny  discovered  Hamilton  Island  on  the  15th  of 
May,  1851.  In  his  letter  to  the  Admiralty  of  Sep- 
tember 8th,  of  that  year,  he  says,  he  reached  Point 
Decision,  (Cape  Graham,)  at  half  past  ten  P.  M.,  on 
the  12th  of  May — 

"  A  hill  of  400  feet  in  height  was  ascended,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  the  land  being  seen  continuous  in  a  Northwester- 
ly direction,  instructions  were  left  to  Mr.  Goodsir  to  take  the 
coast  along  to  the  Westward,  while  I  myself  proceeded  in  a 
N.  VV.  by  N.  direction  from  JPoint  Decision. 

"At  five  P.  M.  on  the  14th  we  encamped  on  the  Ice,  having 
travelled  twenty-five  miles  from  Point  Decision. 

"  The  following  day,  after  travelling  twenty  miles  from 
this  encampment,  in  a  N.  W.  by  N.  direction,  we  landed  at 
seven  P.  M.  on  an  Island  named  Baillie  Hamilton  Island. 

In  his  Journal,  which  was  also  in  the  possession 
of  the  Admiralty,  Penny,  on  the  same  12th  of  May, 
gays— 

"At  7^  P.  M.  we  started,  and  proceeded  around  Cape  De 
Haven,  and  to  the  Point  beyond  it,  [his  Point  Decision,] 
which  we  reached  in  about  two  hours. 

"At  this  Point  I  ascended  a  hill,  about  four  hundred  feet 
high,  from  whence  I  could  see  land  stretching  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Channel  northward  to  a  point  bearing  about 
N.  E.,  and  appearing  to  be  continued  Northwestward,  as  if 
it  should  join  the  land  on  which  I  stood,  which  stretched 
away  about  N.  W." 

The  violence  of  a  storm  prevented  his  travelling 
on  the  13th.     On  the  14th,  at  five  P.  M.,  he  started 


87 

again,  and,  according  to  his  Track  Chan,  took  nearly 
a  due  North  course  towards  the  land  he  had  seen  in 
the  North     But  he  says — 

"Our  course  was  N.  W.  and  by  N.,  and  the  distance 
twenty-five  to  thirty  miles.  At  midnight  we  encamped  and 
served  out  two  pounds  of  meat  to  each  of  the  dogs. 

"From  our  encampment  a  large  Island  was  seen  bearin"- 
about  N.  W.,  which  was  named  after  Captain  W.  A.  B.  Han?- 
ilton,  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty." 

He  left  this  encampment  on  the  Ice  at  half  past 
one  P.  M.,  May  15,  1851,  and  reached  Hamilton 
Island  at  half  past  seven  P.  M.  the  same  day.  The 
distance  he  gives  is  at  least  twenty  miles.  He  adds— 
"  The  moment  wc  landed  I  set  out  to  a  bold  head  land,  or 
I  should  say  rather,  the  S.  E.  point  of  the  Island,  (75°  44' 
N.,)  but  I  found  no  traces  of  the  missing  ships;  and  from 
this  my  mference  was  that  Sir  John  Franklin  had  kept  along 
the  North  Land,  which  I  had  seen  from  Point  Decision." 

This  is  Penny's  account  of  his  discovery  of  Ham- 
ilton Island.  He  did  not  see  it  from  the  hill-top 
four  hundred  feet  above  his  "newly  discovered  sea," 
at  Point  Decision.  There  the  land  in  the  North  ap- 
peared to  continue  Northwestward,  as  if  it  should 
join  the  land  on  which  he  stood.  He  saw  neither 
Island  nor  Channel  between  his  point  of  observation 
and  the  land  to  the  North.  It  appeared  to  him  as 
one  continuous  land. 

There  was  something  then  that  hid  Maury  Chan- 
nel from  him.  On  referring  to  the  Admiralty  Chart 
no  obstruction  can  be  discovered.  Point  Philips  is 
entirely  out  of  the  way,  and  the  southern  shore  of 
Hamilton  Island  is  fully  open  to  view  in  its  whole 
extent  westward. 
Penny  is  the  only  authority  the  Admiralty  had  on 


SSli^^ 


H 


fe. 


J 


S8 

ihe  discovery  of  Hamilton  Island ;  and  they  appear 
to  have  placed  full  confidence  in  all  he  said,  not- 
withstanding his  line  of  travel  on  his  Track  Chart 
differs  materially  from  that  on  his  Map,  and  neither 
agrees  with  his  Report  or  his  Journal.  In  such  a  case 
it  is  fair  to  compare  Penny  with  Penny— his  Charts 
with  each  other  and  with  his  Report  and  his  Journal, 
to  see  how  far  he  may  be  relied  on  as  a  faithful  and 
accurate  historiographer.  On  such  a  comparison  it 
may  appear  that  the  actual  position  of  Hamilton  Is- 
land is  very  uncertain,  and  that  though  the  Admi- 
ralty have  made  its  southern  shore  *'  the  Grinnell 
Land  of  the  U.  S.  Squadron,"  it  may  be  their  Lord- 
ships do  not  know  precisely  where  the  land  is  which 
they  have  taken  the  liberty  so  to  designate. 

According  to  Penny's  Track  Chart,  of  August 
11,  1851,  his  courses  from  Point  Decision  to  Cape 
Scoresby  on  Hamilton  Island,  were — North  2°  West, 
16  miles;  North  34°  West,  12  miles;  and  North  89° 
West,  1 1  miles;  making  the  whole  distance  travelled 
thirty-nine  miles. 

In  his  Map  of  September  20,  1851,  he  changes 
his  place  of  landing  on  Hamilton  Island,  from  Cape 
Scoresby  to  Cape  (Captain  R.  Navy)  Washington. 
This  Map  makes  the  route  from  Cape  Decision  to 
Hamilton  Island,  North  22°  West,  14  miles,  and 
North  67°  West,  13  miles ;  twenty-seven  miles  in  all. 

From  his  Report  and  Journal  it  appears  that  he 
first  saw  Hamilton  Island  on  the  15th  of  May,  from 
his  encampment  on  the  Ice.  His  encampment  was 
twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Point 


20 


r  appear 
lid,  not- 
k  Chart 
neither 
h  a  case 
!  Charts 
Journal, 
bful  and 
arisen  it 
ikon  Is- 
}  Admi- 
Grrinnell 
ir  Lord- 
is  which 

August 
o  Cape 
5°  West, 
3rth  89° 
ravelled 

changes 
m  Cape 
bington. 
lision  to 
les,  and 
BS  in  all. 
that  he 
ly,  from 
ent  was 
m  Point 


Decision;  and  from  his  encampment  to  the  Island 
the  distance  was  at  least  twenty  miles,  in  a  N.  W.  or 
a  N.  W  by  N.  direction.  This  makes  the  distance 
at  least  forty 'five  or  fifty  miles. 

Penny's  bearings  and  distances,  as  he  gives  them, 
would  place  his  encampment  at  midnight  of  the  14th 
of  May  on  Hamilton  Island,  and  not  twenty  miles  to 
the  S.  E.  of  it  on  the  Ice;  and  by  travelling  twenty 
miles  farther  to  the  N.  W.,  instead  of  landing  on 
Hamilton  Island,  he  would  have  passed  entirely  over 
that  Island,  crossed  the  Middle  Channel  with  its  six 
knot  current,  and  at  half  past  seven  P.  M.,  on  the 
15th,  landed  at  Cape  Crozier  on  Dundas  Island !  All 
this,  absurd  and  preposterous  as  it  is,  is  given  to  the 
world  without  rebuke  or  animadversion,  but  as  a 
grave  matter  of  fact. 

It  is  wonderful  that  the  Admiralty  did  not  see  these 
incongruities  vhen  they  examined  Penny's  Report. 
Misled  by  their  own  map,  which  was  merely  an  of- 
fice improvement  of  Pennj/'s,  they  were  led  into  the 
blunder  of  making  De  Haven  see,  instead  of  Grin- 
nell  Land,  the  southern  shore  of  Hamilton  Island, 
without  any  authority  and  against  all  authority. 

On  leaving  the  Admiralty  Chart  and  turning  to 
the  western  coast  line  of  Wellington  Channel  as  laid 
down  from  the  points  and  angles  in  De  Haven's  log, 
the  confusion  and  difficulty  at  once  disappear.  The 
reason  why  Penny  did  not  see  Hamilton  Island  from 
his  Point  Decison,  is  made  apparent.  The  Cape 
to  the  North  of  him  (Cape  Manning)  shut  out 
Maury  Channel  from  his  sight.   He,  from  his  elevated 


■^4 


30 

position^  no  doubt  did  see  the  hills  on  the  island,  but 
not  suspecting  a  channel  was  there,  he  supposed  the 
land  he  saw  to  the  North  and  West  was  all  continu- 
ous with  that  on  which  he  stood.  When  he  first  saw 
Hamilton  Island,  he  was  according  to  his  Journal,  thirty 
miles  north  of  De  Haven's  northernmost  position. 

De  Haven  was  nearly  opposite  Kane  Inlet,  a  short 
distance  to  the  Southward  and  Eastward  of  Cape 
Graham,  (Penny's  Point  Decision,)  on  the  22d  of 
September,  1850.  Speaking  of  Cornwallis  Island, 
he  says — "This  latter  Island,  trending  by  N.  W. 
"  from  our  position,  terminated  abruptly  in  an  eleva- 
"  ted  Cape,  to  which  I  gave  the  name  oi'  Manning." 
He  could  not  see  to  the  westward  of  this  Cape.  A 
line  from  the  Advance,  passing  Cape  Manning,  would 
strike  the  coast  of  Grinnell  Land  near  Point  Majendie, 
but  pass  to  the  Eastward  of  both  Dundas  and  Hamil- 
ton Islands,  neither  of  which  could  be  seen  from  the 
ship. 

If  the  Admiralty  will  abandon  the  guess-work  hy- 
drography of  Penny  and  take  the  survey  of  De  Ha- 
ven, they  can  then  understand  why  it  was  that  Ham- 
ilton Island  could  not  be  seen  by  De  Haven  from  any 
position  be  was  in  ;  and,  if  their  "  direction"  to  the 
Hydrographer  to  mark  on  that  Island — "  the  Grin- 
nell Land  of  the  U.  S.  Squadron,"  was  really  given  in 
honest  ignorance,  it  will  make  the  absurdity  of  their 
"  direction"  manifest  even  to  themselves. 


Another    yOmt    reinains   fur    examination    at  this 
time — it  is  as  to  the  official  interference  in  support  of 


31 

the  English  pretensions  to  the  discovery  of  "Albert** 
land,  and  their  efforts  to  set  aside  the  Discovery  of 
Grinnell  Land. 

On  the  22d  of  October,  185 1 ,  a  Committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Admiralty  to  "  inquire  into  and  report 
"on  the  conduct  of  the  officers  [Austin  and  Penny] 
"  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the  late  Expeditions 
"in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin."  So  much  ap- 
pears in  the  published  instructions  of  the  Admiralty. 
But  the  attention  of  the  Committee  was  also  directed 
to  another  matter,  not  found  there,  namely,  whether 
it  was  possible  for  a  vessel  to  be  as  far  North  in  Wel- 
lington Channel  in  1850,  as  De  Haven  says  his  were 
driven  by  the  Ice  in  the  month  of  September  of 
that  year. 

From  the  middle  of  September,  1850,  when  the 
English  ships  were  frozen  in,  in  Barrow  Strait,  north 
of  Griffith  Island,  to  the  1 1th  of  August,  1851,  when 
they  were  released,  nothing  could  be  done,  except 
by  the  travelling  parties.  These  parties  were  sent 
out  in  April  and  May,  1851.  For  seven  months, 
then,  from  September,  1850,  they  could  know  nothing 
of  the  Ice  in  Wellington  Channel.  It  was  impossible 
they  should  know  anything  of  it.  Yet  very  particu- 
lar inquiries  were  made  by  the  Arctic  Committee,  as 
to  the  condition  of  the  Ice  in  the  Channel  during 
the  whole  winter. 

These  inquiries  could  have  no  reference  to  any 
operations  of  the  English  Expeditions,  which  were 
immoveable  for  eleven  months,  nor  to  "  the  conduct 
of  the  officers  entrusted  with   the  command  of  the 


32 


-I 

'1 


Kxpediiions,"  neither  of  whom,  nor  any  under  their 
command,  could  answer  the  questions  from  facts  with- 
in own  their  knowledge.  The  questions,  however, 
were  pressed  upon  the  witnesses ;  but  the  information 
they  elicited  ^vas  not  what  was  desired. 

Although  the  Ice  when  last  seen  in  1850,  blocked 
up  Wellington  Channel  from  shore  to  shore,  and 
when  first  seen  in  1851,  it  then  blocked  up  the  Chan- 
nel from  shore  to  shore,  it  had  not  during  the  seven 
intervening  months  remained  in  that  condition,  un- 
broken and  solid  from  shore  to  shore,  blocking  De 
Haven  out  of  the  Channel.  All  the  witnesses,  with 
the  exception  of  Captain  Penny,  agreed  in  opinion 
that  there  had  been  a  disruption  of  the  Ice  in  the 
Channel — a  disruption  such  as  De  Haven  describes. 
Thus,  instead  of  contradicting,  they  confirmed  De 
Haven's  statement,  at  least  so  far  as  related  to  the 
possibility  of  his  vessel's  being  carried  up  the  Channel 
to  75°  25'  North. 

Their  opinions  on  this  subject  will  be  found  in  the 
following  extracts  from  the  Evidence  given  before 
the  Arctic  Committee. 

Captain  Penny,  October  27,  1851. 

"  6.  Chairman^  {Rear  Admiral  Bowles.) — Do  you  believe 
the  Channel  cleared  at  all  last  year  ? 

"  Captain  Penny. — I  do  not  think  it  did.  It  was  my 
opinion  as  well  as  the  officers  whom  I  requested  to  examine 
the  Ice,  that  fifteen  miles  of  old  Ice  remained  in  that  Channel. 

"  7.  Sir  E.  Parry. — I  think  you  said  in  your  evidence  at 
Woolwich,  that  about  ^/<eew  miles  of  Ice  were  left  at  the  last 
time? 

"  uapiatn  jrcruiy. —  xucs^  ui.  ouLuuriuuu  «va»  luu  ouicof 
who  was  appointed  to  examine  that  Ice,  and  it  was  his  opinion 
also  that  fifteen  miles  remained. 


u 


"8.  Chairman. — Do  you  say  that  in  1850  the  Channel  waa 
never  opened  at  all  ? 

"  Captain  Penny. — Such  is  my  opinion. 

"D.  Chairman. — Was  there  any  ponaihility  of  a  vessel  going 
up  the  Channel  last  year  ? 

"  Captain  Penny. — No  poHsibility  of  any." 

This  was  Penny's  unqualified  opinion.  There  was 
no  possibility  of  a  vessel  going  up  the  Channel  in 
1850,  as  fifteen  miles  of  old  Ice  remained  across  it; 
and  he  is  positive  in  this,  on  the  authority  of  the 
oflicers  who  had  been  requested  to  examine  it.  If 
there  was  "  no  possibility  of  a  vessel  going  up  the 
Channel,"  then  De  Haven  could  not  go  up,  and  all  he 
said  about  being  as  far  North  as  75°  25'  was  a  mere 
fabrication.  This  was  what  Penny  intended  to  say. 
But  what  did  his  officers  say  ? 

Captain  A.  Stewart,  October  27,  1851. 

"  1G6.  Sir  E.  Parry. — IIow  much  Ice  do  you  think  remain- 
ed in  Wellington  Strait?  What  breadth  of  Ice  remained 
unbroken  there  in  1850. 

"  Captain  Steivart. — I  should  say  from  twenty  to  thirty 
miles. 

"  167.  Sir  E.  Parry.— ^0  much  as  that? 

"  Captain  Stewart. — Yes. 

"  168.  Sir  E.  Parry. — From  your  own  observation  in  1851, 
when  you  were  travelling,  do  you  think  there  were  from 
twenty  to  thirty  miles  of  old  Ice  not  broken  up  in  the  Autumn 
of  1850? 

"  Captain  Stewart. — I  think  it  was  broken  up,  but  it  did 
not  come  out." 

Here  was  a  question  that  merely  required  the  brief 

answer  of  "yes,"  to  increase  the  breadth  of  Penny's 

unbroken  barrier  of  fifteen  miles  to  one  of  twenty  or 

thirty  miles.     Twenty  to  thirty  miles  of  unbroken 

Ire-  in  Sftntftmhpr.    Ortnhpr.  and  IVovpmber.    18.50  ! 

the  precise  time  when  De  Haven  was  there — it  would 


5 


34 


■ti, 


I 


,:»* 
-^i 


have  put  him  to  shame  and  silenced  him  forever. 
But  Captain  Stewart  could  not  give  the  desired  an- 
swer, "  yes.''  He  thought  the  Ice  was  broken  up — 
that  there  was  no  solid  unbroken  barrier  across  the 
Channel.  So  far  the  "  no  possibility"  of  Captain 
Penny  was  removed.  But  Dr.  Sutherland  was  more 
explicit.  He  thought  vessels  might  have  gone  up  the 
Channel  in  the  Autumn  of  1850. 

Dr.  Sutherland,  October  28,  1851. 

"  264.  Sir  U.  Parry. — Is  it  your  impression  from  wh.at  you 
saw  in  your  journey,  that  Wellington  Strait  had  been  clear 
that  year  (1850)  after  you  'left  ? 

"  Dr.  Sutherland. — I  am  sure  it  was  not  clear  of  ice  alto- 
gether, but  I  feel  confident  the  ice  in  Wellington  Channel  had 
started,  and  that  it  was  navigable  at  a  period  subsequent  to 
our  crossing  it  in  the  ships. 

"267.  Captain  Beechef/. — What  reason  have  you  for  be- 
lieving that  the  ice  was  loose  ? 

^'^  Br.  Sutherland.— ¥rom  our  observations  the  following 
year.  In  1851,  we  found  from  Cape  Separation  new  Ice  ex- 
tending to  President  Bay,  but  old  Ice  amongst  it  angled  to- 
gether, as  though  the  Ice  had  been  drifting  about. 

"  268.  Captain  Beechey. — Then  to  the  Northward  of  Pre- 
sident Bay,  do  you  suppose  that  it  was  loose  also  ? 

"  Br.  Sutherland. — I  am  sure  it  was  loose  also.  There  were 
five  miles  of  Ice  extending  along  the  land,  of  one  year's  for- 
mation. From  what  I  saw  of  the  Ice  on  our  journey,  subse- 
quently to  the  visit  of  the  ships  in  Autumn,  there  had  been  a 
disruption  of  the  Ice  in  Wellington  Channel." 

Now,  what  has  become  of  Penny's  fifteen  miles  of 
unbroken  Ice  across  the  Channel,  which  he  said  re- 
mained there,  and  which  of  course  shut  De  Haven 
out  1  Dr.  Sutherland  told  the  Committee  it  did  not 
exist — that  there  had  been  a  disruption  of  the  Ice  in 
Wellington  Channel.  Mr.  Marshall,  Dr.  Goodsir» 
and  Mr.  John  Stuart,  all  agree  with  Dr.  Sutherland 


■^^ 


35 


that  the  Ice  in  the  Channel  was  loose  and  broken  up 
after  the  10th  of  September,  1850. 

Mr.  Marshall,  October  31,  1851. 

"  548.    Chairman. — When  was   it  you   saw  Wellington 
Strait  last,  the  north  end  of  it  ? 

''Mr.  Marshall— On  the  first  of  June. 

"  549.  Chairman. — What  was  your  opinion  of  the  state 
and  character  of  the  Ice  in  the  Strait  itself?  .  Did  you  think  it 
fast  Ice,  likely  to  remain  in  the  Channel,  or  that  it  might 
come  away  with  a  strong  breeze  from  the  Northward  ? 

"  Mr.  Marshall. — I  believe  the  whole  of  it  was  one  year's 
Ice. 

"  556.  Chairman. — Do  you  consider  that  the  Wellington 
Strait  was  navigable  in  1850  ? 

"If/*.  Marshall. — Yes,  in  the  latter  part  I  consider  it  was 
navigable. 

"  557.  Chairman. — You  think  all  the  Ice  came  out  of 
that  year  ? 

"  Mr.  Marshall. — Yes,  I  am  quite  certain  of  it. 

"  558.  SirE.  Parry. — What !  after  the  navigable  season 
had  closed,  did  the  Ice  come  out  ? 

"  Mr.  Marshall— Yq^:' 

Dr.  Goodsir,  November  3,  1851. 

"  656.  Chairman. — Did  yo^,  either  in  going  or  in  returning, 
examine  the  Ice  in  Wellington  Strait,  properly  so  called — 
the  line  of  Ice  marked  above  and  below  in  the  Chart  V 

'■'Mr.  Croodsir. — Yes,  we  did. 

"  657.  Chairman. — What  was  your  opinion  of  it  ? 

"  Mr.  Croodsir. — I  saw  no  Ice  of  the  previous  season  until 
I  came  to  the  Westward  of  Point  Decision,  between  Point 
Decision  [Cape  Graham]  and  ir'oint  Philips  [Cape  Manning,] 
where  we  passed  over  detached  pieces  of  Ice  two  years  old. 
All  the  other  was  of  the  formation  of  1850 — 1851,  as  far  as 
I  am  able  to  judge;  indeed,  I  am  almost  confident  of  it.  I 
may  mention  that  Petersen,  [of  Uppernavik,]  the  Interpreter, 
had  the  same  opinion,  that  it  was  the  Ice  of  one  season."* 
Mr.  John  Stuart,  November  3,  1851. 

"751.  Chairman. — How  far  did  you  go? 

''Mr.  Stuart. — We  started  from  Assistance  Harbour,  and 
proceeded  up  the  Wellington  Strait  as  far  as  point  Separa- 
tion, crossed  over  a  little  to  the  southward  of  Cape  GrinncU, 


amaim 


gupm 


4 


■  i 


1 

'"■t 


36 

and  then  proceeded  along  the  shores  of  North  Devon  to  Cape 

Hurd.  /.  r    T     • 

"  752.   Chairman. — Describe  the  appearance  of  the  Ice  m 

Wellington  Strait. 

''Mr.  *S'^war«.— It  was  perfectly  smooth;  covered  with  deep 
snow.  We  met  at  different  parts  as  we  crossed  over  what  we 
thought  to  be  old  Ice,  but  they  were  detached  pieces  apparent- 
ly left  there,  and  the  new  Ice  formed  around  them." 

Penny  was  left  alone.  His  positive  declaration 
that  there  was  "no  possibility"  of  a  vessel  going 
up  the  Channel,  is  not  sustained  by  one  of  his  offi- 
cers. There  was  not  one  that  did  not  say  the  old  Ice 
was  broken  up.  They  removed  the  impossibility 
from  De  Haven's  path.  But,  as  there  was  no  allusion 
to  the  presence  of  the  American  Expedition  up  the 
Channel,  it  might  have  been  inferred  that  the  ques- 
tions of  the  Committee  were  prompted  solely  by  a 
desire  to  obtain  information  in  relation  to  the  possible 
operations  of  the  immoveable  English  Expeditions, 
and  were  wholly  uninfluenced  by  a  wish  to  impeach 
De  Haven's  veracity,  or  a  disposition  to  prevent,  on 
the  part  of  the  witnesses,  any  admission  of  the  fact 
that  he  was  up  the  Channel  to  75°  25'  N,  in  a  posi- 
tion from  whence  Grinnell  Land  could  be  seen. 

If  any  were  credulous  enough  to  be  deluded  into 
such  a  belief,  the  Committee  in  an  unguarded  mo- 
ment dispelled  the  delusion.  On  the  4th  of  Novem- 
ber, Lieutenant  M'Clintock,  of  the  Assistance,  Cap- 
tairf  Ommanney's  ship,  was  examined— 
Lt.  M'Clintock,  November  4,  1851. 

"  824.  Chairman.— Then  it  was  your  opinion  that  Welling- 
ton Str»it  had  not  been  opened  for  any  purpose  of  Naviga- 
tion, during  the  preceding  year,  1841) '( 

''Lt.  M'CUntovk — Just  so. 


37 


"  825.  Chairman. — Have  you  any  reason  to  believe  that  it 
opened  in  1850  ? 

"  Lt.  M'-Clintoch. — I  think  it  did  open. 

"826.  Chairman. — You  think  it  opened  completely  for 
navigation,  in  1850? 

"X^  M'-Clintock. — I  cannot  say  to  what  extent,  perhaps 
about  thirty  or  forty  miles. 

"  827.  Chairman. — What  I  ask  you  is,  whether  the  Wel- 
lington Strait  was  navigable  during  1850,  whether  the  ships 
could  go  in  ? 

"i«.  M'-Clintoch. — Yes,  from  what  I  have  been  told  by 
Captain  Penny,  and  from  Avhat  I  have  heard  of  the  American 
Expedition's  having  drifted  up,  I  think  so. 

"  828.  Chairman. — What  do  you  know  of  the  American 
Expedition's  drifting  up  ? 

''Lt.  M'Clintoek.—They  drifted  up  to  75"  25'  from  the 
published  account. 

"  829.  Chairman. — Do  you  know  from  your  own  knowledge 
what  progress  the  Americans  made  to  the  Northward? 

''Lt.  31' Clintock.— No,  I  do  not. 

"  830.  Chairman. — Can  you  speak  of  your  own  knowledge 
further  about   the  navigation  of  Wellington  Strait  at  that 

tlTIlG 

"Lt.  M'Clintock.—No.'' 

Certainly  not.  The  Committoe  knew  he  could 
answer  none  of  their  questions  about  the  Ice  in  Wel- 
lington Channel  from  his  own  knowledge.  They 
knew  he  had  not  seen  the  Ice  in  that  Channel  be- 
tween September,  1850,  and  August,  1851.  He 
had  been  in  an  opposite  direction  from  Wellington 
Channel.  He  had  charge  of  the  Western  Expedi- 
tion, and  went  as  far  as  Liddon's  Gulf,  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Melville  Island.  He  had  seen  nothing 
of  the  Ice  in  Wellington  Channel  but  what  he  saw 
when  crossing  it  in  the  ship  in  August,  1850,  and 
August,  1851.  Of  the  other  witnesses  who  were 
examined,  none  could  know  anything  about  it  "  from 


mi 


s^s^ii^SBlligiHHHHi 


*i 


38 


their  own  knowledge."  Not  one  of  them  had,  from 
September,  1850,  to  April,  1851,  been  where,  from 
an  examination  of  the  Channel,  he  could  give  evi- 
dence *'  from  his  own  knowledge"  as  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Ice  in  it  "  at  that  time." 

Lt.  M'Clintock,  like  the  other  witnesses,  in  answer 
to  the  questions  of  the  Committee,  expressed  his 
opinion  ;  and,  like  the  others,  when  called  upon, 
submitted  his  reasons  for  the  opinion  he  had  given. 
The  reasons  of  none  of  the  others  gave  offence  to 
the  Committee.  But  M^Clintock  unluckily  referred 
to  the  American  vessels  in  connection  with  75°  25' 
North  Latitude,  it  was  this  that  caused  the  very 
unnecessary  question  by  the  Committee — "  Do  you 
know  of  your  own  knowledge  what  progress  the 
Americans  made  to  the  Northward  .?•"  The  Commit- 
tee knew  that  none  but  De  Haven,  and  Kane,  and 
Griffin,  and  the  crews  of  the  American  Expedition 
could,  from  iheir  own  knowledge,  speak  of  the  pro- 
gress the  Americans  made  to  the  Northward. 

The  rebuff  M'Clintock  received  was  such  an  une- 
quivocal indication  of  the  disposition  of  the  Commit- 
tee to  discountenance  any  allusion  to  the  Northern 
position  of  the  American  ships,  that  the  fact  was 
not  mentioned  again;  and  it  was  so  well  under- 
stood by  Dr.  Sutherland,  that  he  suppressed  it  in  his 
own  printed  Journal,  published  more  than  eight 
months  afterwards. 

If  it  had  been  the  desire  of  the  Arctic  Committee 


»v.  «w»Vkrh4-i-k 


l-v£»o»«ii-»  nr   I*-    minrrif    n< 


tt>  BCCli.    iiJlUl  liiUliOlX,     >-V  Iiav^^TV-l     •^-^aiiii^    i:    iiix^iiv    »i«  r  v/, 

there  was  nothing  irregular,  or  objectionable,  or  in- 


99 

decorous,  or  offensive,  in  what  M'Clintock  had 
said  of  the  American  ships,  that  "they  drifted  up 
to  75°  25',  from  the  published  account."  But  this 
was  not  the  kind  of  information  the  Committee  want- 
ed. What  was  desired  was  such  as  had  been  given 
in  Penny's  evidence,  that  the  Channel  was  never 
opened  at  all  in  1850,  and  that  there  was  no  possi- 
bility of  any  vessel  going  up  it  that  year. 

What  was  offensive  was  M'Clintock's  expressing 
an  opinion  admitting  the  possibility  that  what  De 
Haven  had  said,  might  be  true.  The  Admiralty  had 
not  yet  determined  how  far  they  could  venture  in 
discrediting  De  Haven,  and  any  admission  such  as 
M^Clintock  made,  interfered  with  their  plans.  There 
can  be  no  wonder,  then,  that  the  forgetfulness  of 
Lieutenant  IVPClintock,  as  to  what  was  expected  of 
him,  excited  the  astonishment  of  the  Committee  and 
the  anger  of  its  Chairman. 


But  it  may  be  asked,  how  is  it  ascertained  the 
British  Admiralty  interfered  at  all  in  the  matter,  or 
in  any  way  participated  in  the  denial  ot  De  Haven's 
Discovery,  or  in  the  attempt  to  fasten  the  name  of 
"  Albert"  upon  Grinnell  Land  ? 

Before  an  answer  is  given  to  this  question,  it  may 
be  well  to  know  what  the  Admiralty  Board  is,  and 
what  are  some  of  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Lords 
of  which  it  is  composed. 

Since  1828,  when  the  duke  of  Clarence  resigned, 
the  office  of  Lord  Hie"h  Admiral  has  been  in  commis- 
sion, and  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  office  are  with 


MIMCMHi 


i_'mi<_  "ZSmmSiiSmt 


\ 


40 

six  commissioners,  who  are  known  as  the  "Lords 
Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty."  These  constitute 
the  Board  of  Admiralty.  Of  the  six,  there  is  a  First 
Lord  and  five  Junior  Lords.  Of  the  five  Junior  Lords, 
four  are  Sea  Lords,  and  one  a  Civil  Lord.  All  the 
Lords,  and  their  Secretary,  are  eligible  to  seats  in 
Parliament,  and  five  of  the  seven  occupied  seats  there 
in  1850.  In  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the 
Navy,  the  five  Junior  Lords  are  at  the  head  of  the 
several  departments  of  the  service  ,  the  duties  of  the 
Sea  Lords  resemble  somewhat  those  of  the  Chiefs  of 
our  Navy  Bureaus;  ilie  duties  of  the  Fifth,  or  Civil 
Lord,  are  like  those  of  the  Fourth  Auditor  of  the 
Treasury  here ;  and  the  position  of  the  Secretary  and 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  Chief  Clerk  and  Corresponding  Clerk  of  the 
Navy  Department  in  our  service. 

The  great  difference  is  in  the  head  of  the  Naval 
Establishments  of  America  and  England.  Here,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  has,  under  the  President,  the 
general  control  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  Navy  ;  but  his 
powers  are  defined  by  law.  Every  officer  of  the 
Navy  is  appointed  and  promoted  by  the  highest  pow- 
ers in  the  land — the  President  and  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  and  not  by  any  inferior  authority,  as 
in  England. 

In  England  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  have  the 
entire  and  absolute  control  of  all  the  affairs  of  the 
Navy,  and  of  every  officer  in  the  service.  In  their 
division  of  their  authority  the  First  Lord  takes  to 
himself  as  part  of  his  share,  "  the  political  affaiis^  the 


41 


slave  trade,  the  patronage,  and  the  general  con- 
cerns of  the  iNTavy."  He  has  the  appointment  of  Ad- 
mirals, Captains,  Commanders,  and  Lieutenants  to 
separate  commands.  The  step  from  Captain  to  Ad- 
miral is  by  seniority,  but  the  promotion  to  Captain, 
Commander,  Lieutenant,  and  generally  all  promo- 
tions, except  Master  and  Warrant  Officers,  rest  with 
the  First  Lord. 

When  a  Committe  •  of  Parliament,  in  search  of 
information  which  it  must  be  presumed  was  not  to  be 
found  on  the  Statute  Book,  with  evident  hesitation 
and  with  great  deference,  inquired  of  Sir  Francis 
Thornhill  Baring,  the  First  Lord — 

"With  regard  to  the  higher  appointments  of  Sur- 
veyor of  the  Navy  and  Officers  of  that  rank,  are 
they  in  the  gift  of  the  Prime  Minister  or  in  that  of 
the  First  Lord  ?" 

His  haughty  answer  was — 

"They  are  with  me.  With  regard  to  the  Navy, 
the  whole  of  the  patronage  of  the  Navy  rests  with  the 
First  Lord,  with  the  exception  of  the  Vice  Admiral 
and  the  Rear  Admiral  of  England;  those  are  with 
the  Prime  Minister." 

With  the  immense  and  irresponsible  patronage  of 
the  First  Lord,  and  the  powers  exercised  by  the  Board 
over  Fleets,  Ships,  Docks,  Yards,  and  every  thing 
else  in  every  ramification  of  the  service,  what  can  they 
not  do  ?  Who  dare  brave  their  will  ?  Who  can  resist 
the  influence  of  their  wishps?     Thp  nntmnaa-p  ^.^a 

the  powers  of  the  Admiralty  give  to  the  Board  a  con- 
trol over  the  minds  of  all  within  its  reach,  as  absolute, 
6 


42 


'I 


and  as  unquestioned,  and  as  irresistible,  as  the  Inqui- 
sition ever  exerted  or  claimed  in  the  palmiest  days  ol 
its  existence. 

To  return  to  the  question  stated  above,  as  to  the 
interference  of  the  Admiralty  with  De  Haven's  Dis- 
covery of  Grinnell  Land.  It  may  be  answered,  in  the 
first  place,  that  the  absolute  control  exerted  by  the 
Bo^rd  over  every  thing  having  an  Admiralty  mark 
or  an  Admiralty  affinity,  is  of  itself,  sufficient  evi- 
dence that,  as  one  of  "  the  political  affairs"  over 
which  they  claimed  jurisdiction,  "Albert"  land  was 
placed  on  their  Chart  by  their  direction  ;  and,  in  the 
second  place,  that  the  positive  evidence  of  such  an 
interference  is  furnished  by  Admiral  Sir  Francis 
Beaufort,  their  Hydrographer.  It  is  but  fair  to  say 
here,  that  in  his  office  of  Hydrographer,  Admiral 
Beaufort  acted  under  the  immediate  direction  of 
Captain  Milne,  the  third  Sea  Lord,  and  therefore 
should  not  be  held  responsible  for  the  removal  of 
Grinnell  Land  to  Hamilton  Island. 

As  early  as  the  18th  of  November,  1851,  Messrs. 
E.  and  G.  W.  Blunt,  of  New  York,  called  the 
attention  of  Sir  Francis  Beaufort  t  •  the  fact  of  De 
Haven's  Discovery  in  1850.  Their  letter  was  replied 
to  by  the  Hydrographer,  on  the  5th  of  December, 
1 85 1 .  On  the  receipt  of  this  reply  it  was  enclosed  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  by  the  Messrs.  Blunt,  on 
the  *24th  of  December,  1851.  [A] 

Sir  Francis  Beaufort,  in  his  letter  of  the  5th  of 
December,  [B]  acknowledges  the  receipt  from 
Messrs.  Blunt,  of  "  an  engraved  sketch  of  the  region 


48 


round  the  Wellington  Channel,  and  a  tracing  of  the 
Grinnell  vessels'  track  up  that  Channel  nearly  to 
75i-°  North  latitude."     He  then  adds— 

"  In  laying  these  before  the  Board,  I  pointed  out  how  very 
desirable  it  is,  that  the  U.  States  and  the  English  Charts 
should  agree  in  the  nomenclature  applied  to  them.  To  this 
principle  their  Lordships  fully  agreed,  but  added,  that  before 
they  could  decide  on  any  specific  point,  it  would  be  necessary 
to  see  Captain  Do  Haven's  Report,  in  order  to  compare  it 
with  that  which  had  been  published  here. 

"If  you  will  therefore  be  so  good  as  to  send  me  a  copy  of 
that  paper,  their  Lordships  will  at  once  give  me  directions  how 
to  act  on  the  point  in  question,  and  you  may  rest  assured  that 
not  an  hour  shall  be  lost  in  transmitting  the  result  to  you." 

The  letters  of  Messrs.  Blunt  and  Sir  Francis 
Beaufort  were  referred  by  the  Navy  Department  to 
Lieutenant  Maury.  On  the  29th  of  December,  the 
day  Lieutenant  Maury  made  his  report,  [C]  he  re- 
ceived in  a  Letter  from  Lieutenant  De  Haven,  a  copy 
of  one  to  him,  from  Mr.  J.  Parker,  dated  Admiralty, 
November  24lh,  1851.  [D]  In  this  letter  Mr. 
Parker  says — 

"My  Lords  further  direct  me  to  express  their  hope,  that 
you  will  gratify  them  by  transmitting  at  your  earliest  con- 
venience a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Advance  and  Res- 
cue, in  order  that  the  same  may  be  placed  on  record  at  the 
Admiralty." 

No  inquiry  has  been  made  as  to  what  reply,  if  any, 
was  returned  to  this  modest  request  of  Mr.  Parker, 
made  by  the  direction  of  their  Lordships.  But  this 
is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the  propriety  of  these  un- 
official and  irregular  attempts  of  their  Lordships  to 
obt; 


VI 


am 


indirectly  an   official  paper  of  th( 


an 


Government.     It  lUay  be  enough   to  say  here,  that 


■M 


M 


t^, 


44 

these  altcmpls  were  gross  violations  of  international 
courtesy.  They  knew  D<  Hnvcn  had  no  more  right 
to  "gratify  them,"  than  Cap.ain  Austin  would  have 
had  to  "gratify"  the  American  Government,  in  the 
same  way,  on  the  request  of  a  Clerk  in  the  Navy 
Department.  There  was  a  respectful  and  plain  way 
to  procure  what  they  were  so  anxious  to  obtain.  It 
was  only  lor  their  Lordships,  not  one  of  their  clerks, 
to  transmit  a  copy  of  the  Report  of  their  Expeditions 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  request  a  copy 
of  the  American  Report  in  return.  This  would  have 
been  sufficient.  It  would  not  have  been  necessary 
to  add  "  at  your  earliest  convenience,"  nor  hold  out 
the  exceedingly  flattering  inducement  for  haste,  "  in 
order  that  it  may  be  pL  ced  on  Record  at  the  Admi- 
ralty." The  American  Government  knows  how  to 
treat  with  respect  any  proper  request  from  the  public 
authorities  of  another  nation. 

In  Lieutenant  Maury's  Report  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  iSavy,  he  says — 

"I  beg  leave  to  state  that  the  desire  manifested  by  the 
English  llydrographer,  that  'the  United  States  and  English 
€harts  should  agree  in  the  nomenclature  applied  to  them,'  is 
fully  appreciated  and  cordially  reciprocated." 

And  he  adds — 

"The  entire  Chart  will  be  published  in  a  few  days,  unless 
you  desire  its  delay  in  order  that  before  either  it,  or  the 
English  Chart  shall  be  published,  the  discrepancies  as  to  the 
nomenclature  may  be  reconciled." 

Lieutenant  Maury  is  no  diplomatist.  He  knows 
nothing  of  the  wiles  of  diplomnry.  He  deals  with 
facts.     He  took  it  for  granted  ttie  desire  expressed 


45 

by  the  Admiralty  through  the  Hydrographer,  that 
the  American  and  English  Charts  "  should  agree  in 
the  nomenclature  applied  to  tiiem,"  was  made  in 
good  faith,  and  would  be  carried  out  in  good  faith  ; 
and  that  as  soon  as  they  received  a  copy  of  De  Ha- 
ven's report  they  would  adopt  ihe  American  nomen- 
clature lor  De  Haven's  Discoveries,  while  that  of  the 
English,  lor  their  discoveries,  would  be  adopted  in 
America.  As  the  proposition  came  from  the  English 
Jdmiralty,  through  their  Hydrographer,  Lieutenant 
Maury  suppc  ed  the  question  was,  of  course,  open,  to 
be  decided  by  the  evidence  of  priority  of  discovery,  to 
be  ascertained  from  the  Reports  of  the  Expeditions, 
prior  io  the  publication  of  any  Chart.  In  short,  he 
believed  that  what  the  Hydrographer  said  of  the 
wishes  and  intentions  of  the  Admiralty  was  true. 
He  could  not  suspect  that,  in  such  a  representation 
from  such  a  so  irce,  any  thing  unfair  was  intended. 
He  as  little  suspected  that  before  his  letter  was  sealed, 
he  would  have  occasion  to  record  the  fnrt  mentioned 
in  his  postscript,  that  he  had  just  recei^  ul  an  Admi- 
ralty Chart,  which  covered  and  occupied  all  De  Ha- 
ven's ground,  and  appropriated  the  whole  of  it,  no- 
menclature ind  all,  to  Penny.  Yet  such  was  the 
fact.     They  had  already  seizod  upon  every  thing. 

Notwithstanding  this  clear  and  pnlpable  detection 
and  proof  of  their  insincerity,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  who  conridered  the  thing  unworthy  his  no- 
tice, authorized  De  Haven,  at  his  discretion,  to  send 
them  a  copy  of  hlb  report.   [E] 

When  this  Report,  after  theii    ttempts  to  procure 


■•  .^'J«ea^»«— 


tmtm 


46 


"t 


il  privately  had  failed,  was  regularly  and  officially 
before  them,  what  did  their  Lordships  do?  The 
result  of  their  exiunination  of  il,  and  consultations 
over  it,  is  seen  in  their  Chart  of  April  8,  1852. 

Did  they  manifest  any  disposition  to  agree  with 
the  United  States  upon  the  nomenclature  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  American  and  English  Charts?  No: 
though  it  was  their  own  suggestion  to  do  so,  they 
manifested  a  determination  to  treat  it  with  silent 
contempt — they  even  presumed  to  decide  for  Amer- 
ica as  well  as  for  England. 

Did  they  treat  De  Haven  with  the  respect  due  to 
an  American  officer,  a  volunteer  in  the  Search  for 
their  own  missing  ships,  and  their  officers  and  crews  ? 
No :  they  endeavored  to  take  from  him  his  discove- 
ries, and  they  assailed  his  good  name  as  an  officer 
and  a  gentleman. 

Did  they  admit  he  discovered  Grinnell  Land  ?  No  : 
they  deny  that  he  made  any  such  discovery,  and 
retain  on  their  Charts,  to  the  exclusion  of  Grinnell 
Land,  Ommanney's  repudiated  birthday  discovery 
of  "  Albert"  land. 

Did  they  admit  that  De  Haven  was  in  Wellington 
Channel  at  all  on  the  22d  of  September,  1850? 
Yes:  they  admitted  this,  having,  failed  in  their  ef- 
forts to  block  him  out  by  a  solid,  unbroken  barrier 
of  ice  fifteen  miles  broad. 

Did  they  admit  he  was  up  the  Channel  as  far  as 
75°  25'  North  ?  No,  they  do  not  admit  this.  They 
sav  he  was  onlv  far  enono-h  np  the  Channel,  as  it  is 
delineated  on  their  Chart,  to  see  Baillie  Hamilton 


47 

Ihland.  Besides,  Lieutenant  iM^CIintock  was  harshly 
rebuked  for  saying  the  American  vessels  ^'  drilled 
up  to  75"  25',  from  the  published  account." 

Did  they  admit  he  made  any  discovery?  Yes: 
they  admit  he  discovered  the  south  side  of  Maury 
Channel. 

Did  they  admit  he  discovered  Cape  Manning, 
south  of  Maury  Channel?  No:  they  retain  the 
name  of  Point  Philips,  and  thus  deny  his  discovery 
of  that  Cape,  but  beyond  and  to  the  West  of  it  they 
make  him  the  discoverer  of  Penny's  Baillie  Hamilton 
island. 

Did  they  admit,  then,  that  he  discovered  Hamil- 
ton Island?  No:  they  deny  that  he  saw  that  Island 
in  1850  ;  for,  on  their  map  it  bears  the  name  Penny 
says  he  gave  it,  when  he  discovered  it  on  the  15th 
of  May,  1851. 

Do  they  both  deny  and  admit  that  De  Haven  dis- 
covered Hamilton  Island?  Yes:  their  Lordships 
both  admit  and  deny  his  discovery  of  Hamilton  Is- 
land. They  say  he  did  not  see  it,  by  giving  it  as  a 
discovery  by  Penny  in  1851  ;  and  they  say  he  did 
discover  it  in  1850,  by  marking  upon  it,  though  in 
very  small  letters  and  in  parenthesis,— (/Ae  Grinnell 
Land  of  the  U,  S.  Squadron,) 

Then,  after  all,  they  admit  that  De  Haven  did 
discover  Grinnell  Land?  No,  they  do  not.  They 
rejected  what  he  said  as  to  his  discovery  of  Grinnell 
Land,  altogether,  as  wholly  untrue;  but  they  dis- 
covered another  Grinnell  Land  for  him,  on  Hamil- 
ton Island.     They   charge  him   with    falsehood   for 


E25^»^ 


mm 


h^ 


"1 


Is 
Is 

b 


48 

saying  he  discovered  Grinnell  Land ;  and  they 
charge  him  with  ignorance,  for  giving  Grinnell  Land 
as  extending  from  N.  W.  to  N.  N.  E.,  when  they  say 
Grinnell  Land  is  no  more  than  a  small  Island,  which 
De  Haven  did  not  see,  lying  to  the  West  of  North- 
west, What  they  say  of  De  Haven  in  regard  to 
the  discovery  of  Grinnell  Land,  they  must  say  of 
those  who  corroborate  his  statements,  Griffin  and 
Kane. 

In  this  inextricable  labyrinth  of  contradictions,  and 
admissions,  and  denials,  by  which  their  Lordships 
were  confounded,  they  will  be  left  for  the  present,  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  all  the  honor  and  all  the  glory 
they  have  earned  in  the  manufacture  of  a  pure  Eng- 
lish discovery  with  the  aid  of  their  ingenious  assis- 
tants, Erasmus  Ommanney,  Captain  R.  N.,  and  John 
Arrowsmiih,  10  Soho  Snuare. 

-America  can  boast  of  no  such  discoverers  or  dis- 
coveries, in  the  North  nor  in  the  South.  America  has 
neither  the  vanity  nor  the  arrogance  to  presume  to 
decide  upon  or  to  alter  the  nomenclature  on  the 
Charts  of  the  discoveries  of  other  nations.  America 
is  too  proud  to  claim  a  discovery  that  may  not  be 
claimed  with  honor,  and  honesty,  and  truth. 
America  neither  struts  nor  flaunts  in  bor- 
rowed OR  STOLEN  PLUMES. 


APPENDIX. 

[A] 

New  York,  December  2i,  1861. 

TT  ^i^  •  ^®  enclose  a  note  from  Admiral  Sir  F.  Beaufort, 
Hydrographer  to  the  British  Admiralty,  in  answer  to  one  we 
wrote  to  hira,  claiming  that  the  land  named  by  the  British 
"Albert  Land  '  should  be  Grinnell  Land,  on  the  ground  of 
priority  of  discovery,  which  the  journals  of  the  vessels  can 
settle. 

Will  you  please  have  the  extract  made  that  we  may  send 
It  per  steamer,  as,  unless  it  is  soon  determined,  the  English 
publishers  will  claim  their  name,  and  make  what  is  now  clear 
a  matter  of  discussion. 

We  are  youre,  respectfully, 

ti      w   A    r  E.  &  G.  W.  BLUNT. 

Hon.  W.  A.  Graham. 


[B] 

Admiraltt,  Ditmberb,  1861. 

Gentlemen:  1  have  had  the  pleasure  of  receiving  your 
letter  of  the  18th  ultimo,  containing  an  engraved  sketch  of 
the  region  round  the  Wellington  Channel,  and  a  tracing  of 
the  Grinnell  vessels'  tracks  up  that  Channel  nearly  to  75*° 
North  Latitude.  In  laying  them  before  the  Board,  I  pointed 
out  how  very  desirable  it  is  that  the  U.  States  and  the 
iinglish  Charts  should  agree  in  the  nomenclature  applied  to 
*^Tj  r°  *^^  principle  their  Lordships  fully  agreed;  but 
added,  that  before  they  could  decide  on  any  specific  point  it 
would  be  necessary  to  see  Captain  De  Haven's  Report  m 
order  to  compare  it  with  that  which  has  been  published  here 

If  you  will,  therefore,  be  so  good  as  to  send  me  a  copy  of 
that  paper,  their  Lordships  will  at  once  give  me  directions 
how  to  act  on  the  point  in  question,  and  you  may  rest  as^ 


■  ^a^MBWiWiT—- triBW 


50 


suved  that  not  an  hour  shall  be  lost  in  transmitting  the  result- 
to  you.  You  will  much  oblige  me  by  forwarding  the  enclosed 
letter  to  Captain  Ericsson. 

I  am,  gentlemen,  your  humble  servant, 

F.  BEAUFORT. 
Messrs.  E.  &  G.  W.  Blunt. 


National  Observatouy, 

Washington,  December  29,  '.8oI. 

Sir  :  I  have  received  the  letter  fi'om  the  Messrs.  Blunt, 
dated  New  York,  December  24th,  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  enclosing  one  from  Sir  Francis  Beaufort,  R.  N.,  ad- 
dressed to  thenij^elves,  requesting  in  behalf  of  the  Board  of 
Admiralty  to  be  furnished  with  a  copy  of  the  Report  of  Lt. 
De  Haven,  the  Commander  of  the  American  Expedition  in 
search  of  Sir  Joliu  Franklin  and  his  companions,  which  have 
been  referred  to  this  office. 

In  reply,  I  beg  leave  testate  that  the  desire  manifested  by 
the  English  lIy<liographer,  that  "'the  United  States  and  the 
English  Charts  should  agree,  in  the  nomenclature  applied  to 
them/'  is  fully  appreciated  and  cordially  reciprocated  here. 

I  have  also  this  morning  received  a  letter  from  Lt.  De 
Haven,  covering  the  copy  of  one  to  him  i'rom  the  Admiralty 
Board,  requesting  a  "  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Ad- 
vance and  Rescue,  in  order  that  the  same  nuiy  be  placed  on 
record  at  the  Admiralty.' 

Lt.  De  Haven  informs  me  that  he  has  requested  the  per- 
mission of  the  Department  to  send  the  Report  of  the  pi-o- 
ceedings  of  the  Expedition  to  their  Lordships.  His  report 
was  not  made  to  this  office.  His  log-books  and  the  materials, 
however,  for  the  construction  of  a  chart,  were  returned  here, 
and  from  them  a  chart,  illustrative  of  his  cruise,  has  been 
constructed,  and  is  now  neai-ly  ready  for  publication. 

I  have  already  directed  a  proof  sheet  of  that,  as  soon  as 
it  can  be  drawn,  to  be  sent  from  Ncav  York  to  the  Board  of 
Admiralty,  and  also  one  to  be  sent  to  Lt.  De  Haven. 

The  entire  chart  will  be  published  in  a  few  days,  unless 
YOU  desire  its  delay  in  order  that,   before  either  it  or  the 


51 

fifiS  ?^'*  ^'  published,  the  discrepancies,  &c,  as  to  the 
nomenclature  may  be  reconciled.  j       >       ^v,  ^uo 

The  letters  referred  are  herewith  returned. 
Respectfully,  &c., 

„      ,,,  M.  F.  MAURY,  Lt.  U,  S.  N, 

ilon.  Wm.  a.  Graham, 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

VrlnfkT^Z^t'l^  n^'  ^"''^.^^"^  ^  ^^^^  ^^^^i^^d  from 
^ranck  laylor,  bookseller,  a  printed  copy  of  the  Admiraltv 

Chart,  entit  ed  "Arctic  America :  Discoveries  of  the  S2 
mg  Expeditions  under  the  command  of  Captain  IL  T.Tul 
tm,  K.  .N.  0.  B.,  and  Captain  Penny.  1851." 


„  Admiralty,  November  24,  1861 

\dmh-:,lH.Tn  ''";"^^^^^f  by  my  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
(ith  of  t1  r^.^J^S^^'  ^^''  '''''^^  ^f  :^^^"-  letter,  of  the 
Dy  one  ol  the  whale  ships,  transmitting  information  of  the 
Canfr  f  '}■'  ^TZ  Expedition,  undir  the  command  of 
^h!S  T  n  f  1  ""  7^  ?^l-  ^'"^^  '  ^^^  i»  conveying  to  you 
am  at  tho  .  P''r^'"^'  ^"^  jour  considerate  communication 
a  the  ?o  w'  V'  '^'''''^  ^\^,^V^^^^^  their  congratulations 
^1  earofnf  S?'"'t  f  ^^"'  f  pedition  from  its  perilous  voyage 
dln^LsVnd  nf-*^'  •"  ^^'T^^"^'  ?"^^  P^'ovidendal  escape  from 
pXwUy^fSS:!  ^'^^  "'"^^^^  ^^^^•^^^^^'  ^--  -^^ 

wilf  Jr.^HL^'ff"'*^'/""''^'"'  ^^  "^P^^^^  t^^«"'  ^opethat  you 
will  giatify  them  by  transmittrax  at  your  earliest  convenience 
a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Advance  and  Rescue^  o  de; 
that  the  same  may  be  placed  on  record  at  the  Adm'mlt y 
1  am,  sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

Lieut.  Edward  De  Haven,  late  Com'd,  U  S, 
Arctic  Expedition,  New  York. 


52 


[E] 

Kavt  Dbpartubnt,  Deeembee  31,  1861. 
Gbntlbmbn  :  Yours  of  the  24th  instant,  enclosing  a  note 
from  Admiral  Sir  F.  Beaufort,  Hydrographer  to  the  British 
Admiralty,  haa  been  received. 

la  reply,  you  are  informed,  that  Lieutenant  De  Haven  has 
been  authorized  to  furnish  the  British  Admiralty,  at  his  dis-- 
cretion,  with  a  copy  of  his  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
"  Advance"  and  "  Rescue,"  late  comprising  the  American 
Arctic  Expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his 
companions. 

I  ani)  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Will.  A.  Graham  < 
Messrs.  E.  &  G.  W.  Blunt,  New  York. 


''A,^m'' 


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